R. W. G. Hunt, M. R. Pointer

Measuring Colour

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

This resource provides the basic facts needed to measure color. The coverage focuses on guiding principles, rather than particular instruments likely to become quickly outdated. Because color primarily occurs through individual perception, the authors present the material in the context of the properties of color vision of the human observer. The first chapter reviews our current knowledge of color vision; while the last chapters provide a description of models of color vision that could extend color measurement to the field of color appearance, including a detailed description of the CIE's standard model.

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The classic authority on colour measurement now fully revised and updated with the latest CIE recommendations

The measurement of colour is of major importance in many commercial applications, such as the textile, paint, and foodstuff industries; as well as having a significant role in the lighting, paper, printing, cosmetic, plastics, glass, chemical, photographic, television, transport, and communication industries.

Building upon the success of earlier editions, the 4th edition of Measuring Colour has been updated throughout with new chapters on colour rendering by light sources; colorimetry with digital cameras; factors affecting the appearance of coloured objects, and details of new CIE colour appearance models.

Key features:
Presents colour measurement, not simply as a matter of instrumentation and engineering, but also involving the physiology and psychology of the human observer.
Covers the principles of colour measurement rather than a guide to instruments.
Provides the reader with the basic facts needed to measure colour.
Describes and explains the interactions between how colour is affected by the type of lighting, by the nature of the objects illuminated, and by the properties of the colour vision of observers.
Includes many worked examples, and a series of Appendices provides the numerical data needed in many colorimetric calculations.

The addition of 4th edition co-author, Dr. Pointer, has facilitated the inclusion of extensive practical advice on measurement procedures and the latest CIE recommendations.

Produktdetails

• Wiley-IS&T Series in Imaging Science and Technology
• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 4. Aufl.
• Seitenzahl: 496
• Erscheinungstermin: 17. Oktober 2011
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 250mm x 175mm x 31mm
• Gewicht: 1022g
• ISBN-13: 9781119975373
• ISBN-10: 1119975379
• Artikelnr.: 33841357

Autorenporträt

Robert Hunt, Independent Colour Consultant and Visiting Professor, University of Leeds, UK Formerly Assistant Director of Research, Kodak Limited, Harrow; Dr. Hunt is now an independent colour consultant and a Visiting Professor at the University of Leeds' Department of Colour Science. He has written more than a hundred papers on colour vision, colour reproduction, and colour measurement. He has previously published the 6th edition of The Reproduction of Colour (2004) with Wiley which is viewed as a classic text on the topic. He has been awarded the Newton Medal of the Colour Group (Great Britain) (1974), the Progress Medal of the Royal Photographic Society (1984), the Judd-AIC Medal of the International Colour Association (1987), the Gold Medal of the Institute of Printing (1989), the Johann Gutenberg Prize of the Society for Information Display (2002), and the Godlove Award of the Inter-Society Color Council (U.S.A.) (2007). In 2009 he was given the award of Officer of the British Empire (O.B.E.). Michael Pointer, Independent Colour Consultant and Visiting Professor, University of Leeds, UK & University of the Arts London, UK Formerly Senior Scientist at the National Physical Laboratory, Teddington; Dr. Pointer is an independent colour consultant and a Visiting Professor at the University of Leeds' Department of Colour Science and the University of the Arts, London, in their School of Communication. In 1997, he received the Fenton Medal, The Royal Photographic Society's award for services to the Society. In 2004, he received a Silver Medal from the Society of Dyers and Colourists for 'contributions to colour science.' He has authored more than 95 scientific papers, is a Fellow of The Royal Photographic Society and the Institute of Physics, Secretary of CIE Division 1 Vision & Colour and UK Associate Editor of the journal, Color Research & Application.

Inhaltsangabe

About the Authors xv Series Preface xvii Preface xix Acknowledgements xxi 1
Colour Vision 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The spectrum 1 1.3 Construction of
the eye 3 1.4 The retinal receptors 4 1.5 Spectral sensitivities of the
retinal receptors 5 1.6 Visual signal transmission 8 1.7 Basic perceptual
attributes of colour 9 1.8 Colour constancy 10 1.9 Relative perceptual
attributes of colours 11 1.10 Defective colour vision 13 1.11 Colour
pseudo-stereopsis 15 2 Spectral Weighting Functions 19 2.1 Introduction 19
2.2 Scotopic spectral luminous efficiency 19 2.3 Photopic spectral luminous
efficiency 21 2.4 Colour-matching functions 26 2.5 Transformation from R,
G, B to X, Y, Z 32 2.6 CIE colour-matching functions 33 2.7 Metamerism 38
2.8 Spectral luminous efficiency functions for photopic vision 39 3
Relations between Colour Stimuli 41 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 The Y
tristimulus value 41 3.3 Chromaticity 42 3.4 Dominant wavelength and
excitation purity 44 3.5 Colour mixtures on chromaticity diagrams 46 3.6
Uniform chromaticity diagrams 48 3.7 CIE 1976 hue-angle and saturation 51
3.8 CIE 1976 lightness, L 52 3.9 Uniform colour spaces 53 3.10 CIE 1976
colour difference formulae 57 3.11 CMC, CIE94, and CIEDE2000 color
difference formulae 61 3.12 An alternative form of the CIEDE2000
colour-difference equation 64 3.13 Summary of measures and their perceptual
correlates 64 3.14 Allowing for chromatic adaptation 65 3.15 The evaluation
of whiteness 66 3.16 Colorimetric purity 67 3.17 Identifying stimuli of
equal brightness 67 3.18 CIEDE2000 worked example 69 4 Light Sources 73 4.1
Introduction 73 4.2 Methods of producing light 74 4.3 Gas discharges 74 4.4
Sodium lamps 75 4.5 Mercury lamps 76 4.6 Fluorescent lamps 78 4.7 Xenon
lamps 81 4.8 Incandescent light sources 82 4.9 Tungsten lamps 86 4.10
Tungsten halogen lamps 87 4.11 Light emitting diodes 88 4.12 Daylight 89
4.13 Standard illuminants and sources 91 4.14 CIE standard illuminant A 91
4.15 CIE illuminants B and C 92 4.16 CIE sources 93 4.17 CIE illuminants D
94 4.18 CIE indoor daylight 94 4.19 Comparison of commonly used sources 96
5 Obtaining Spectral Data and Tristimulus Values 99 5.1 Introduction 99 5.2
Radiometry and photometry 99 5.3 Spectroradiometry 100 5.4
Tele-spectroradiometry 100 5.5 Spectroradiometry of self-luminous colours
101 5.6 Spectrophotometry of non-self-luminous colours 101 5.7 Reference
whites and working standards 102 5.8 Geometries of illumination and viewing
103 5.9 CIE Geometries of illumination and measurement 104 5.10
Spectroradiometers and spectrophotometers 108 5.11 Choice of illuminant 110
5.12 Calculation of tristimulus values from spectral data 111 5.13
Colorimeters using filtered photo-detectors 114 6 Metamerism and Colour
Constancy 117 6.1 Introduction 117 6.2 The cause of metamerism 117 6.3 The
definition of metamerism 118 6.4 Examples of metamerism in practice 119 6.5
Degree of metamerism 121 6.6 Index of metamerism for change of illuminant
122 6.7 Index of metamerism for change of observer 122 6.8 Index of
metamerism for change of field size 124 6.9 Colour matches and geometry of
illumination and measurement 124 6.10 Correcting for inequalities of
tristimulus values 125 6.11 Terms used in connection with metamerism 126
6.12 Colour inconstancy 127 6.13 Chromatic adaptation transforms 129 6.14
The Von Kries transform 130 6.15 The CAT02 transform 131 6.16 A colour
inconstancy index 134 6.17 Worked examples 135 7 Colour Rendering by Light
Sources 143 7.1 Introduction 143 7.2 The meaning of colour rendering 144
7.3 CIE colour rendering indices 145 7.4 Spectral band methods 147 7.5
Other methods for assessing the colour rendering of light sources 150 7.6
Comparison of commonly used sources 151 8 Colour Order Systems 155 8.1
Introduction 155 8.2 Variables 155 8.3 Optimal colours 157 8.4 TheMunsell
System 159 8.5 TheMunsell Book of Color 164 8.6 Unique hues and colour
opponency 168 8.7 The Natural Colour System (NCS) 170 8.8 Natural Colour
System Atlas 172 8.9 The DIN System 179 8.10 The Coloroid System 182 8.11
The Optical Society of America (OSA) System 183 8.12 The Hunter Lab System
187 8.13 The Tintometer 190 8.14 The Pantone System 191 8.15 The RAL System
191 8.16 Advantages of colour order systems 192 8.17 Disadvantages of
colour order systems 192 9 Precision and Accuracy in Colorimetry 197 9.1
Introduction 197 9.2 Sample preparation 198 9.3 Thermochromism 199 9.4
Geometry of illumination and measurement 199 9.5 Reference white
calibration 200 9.6 Polarisation 200 9.7 Wavelength calibration 202 9.8
Stray light 202 9.9 Zero level and linearity 202 9.10 Use of secondary
standards 203 9.11 Bandwidth 203 9.12 Correcting for errors in the spectral
data 204 9.13 Calculations 207 9.14 Precautions to be taken in practice 214
10 Fluorescent Colours 219 10.1 Introduction 219 10.2 Terminology 219 10.3
Use of double monochromators 220 10.4 Illumination with white light 221
10.5 Correcting for differences between an actual and the desired source
222 10.6 Two-monochromator method 224 10.7 Two-mode method 225 10.8
Filter-reduction method 226 10.9 Luminescence-weakening method 226 10.10
Practical considerations 227 11 RGB Colorimetry 231 11.1 Introduction 231
11.2 Choice and specification of matching stimuli 231 11.3 Choice of units
233 11.4 Chromaticity diagrams using r and g 233 11.5 Colour-matching
functions in RGB systems 234 11.6 Derivation of XYZ from RGB tristimulus
values 35 11.7 Using television and computer displays 239 12 Colorimetry
with Digital Cameras 241 12.1 Introduction 241 12.2 Camera characterisation
242 12.3 Metamerism 244 12.4 Characterisation methods 244 12.5 Practical
considerations in digital camera characterisation 249 12.6 Practical
example 251 12.7 Discussion 254 13 Colorant Mixtures 257 13.1 Introduction
257 13.2 Non-diffusing colorants in a transmitting layer 257 13.3
Non-diffusing colorants in a layer in optical contact with a diffusing
surface 259 13.4 Layers containing colorants which diffuse and absorb light
262 13.5 The use of multi-spectral analysis to reduce metamerism in art
restoration 264 14 Factors Affecting the Appearance of Coloured Objects 267
14.1 Introduction 267 14.2 Measuring optical properties 267 14.3 Colour 268
14.4 Gloss 271 14.5 Translucency 279 14.6 Surface texture 281 14.7
Conclusions 289 15 The CIE Colour Appearance Model CIECAM02 293 15.1
Introduction 293 15.2 Visual areas in the observing field 294 15.3
Chromatic adaptation in CIECAM02 294 15.4 Spectral sensitivities of the
cones in CIECAM02 295 15.5 Cone dynamic response functions in CIECAM02 297
15.6 Luminance adaptation in CIECAM02 297 15.7 Criteria for achromacy and
for constant hue in CIECAM02 299 15.8 Effects of luminance adaptation in
CIECAM02 300 15.9 Criteria for unique hues in CIECAM02 303 15.10
Redness-greenness, a, and yellowness-blueness, b, in CIECAM02 303 15.11 Hue
angle, h, in CIECAM02 305 15.12 Eccentricity factor, e, in CIECAM02 305
15.13 Hue quadrature, H, and hue composition, Hc, in CIECAM02 306 15.14 The
achromatic response, A, in CIECAM02 308 15.15 Correlate of lightness, J, in
CIECAM02 308 15.16 Correlate of brightness, Q, in CIECAM02 309 15.17
Correlate of chroma, C, in CIECAM02 310 15.18 Correlate of colourfulness,
M, in CIECAM02 311 15.19 Correlate of saturation, s, in CIECAM02 311 15.20
Comparison of CIECAM02 with the natural colour system 311 15.21 Testing
model CIECAM02 312 15.22 Filtration of projected slides and CIECAM02 314
15.23 Comparison of CIECAM02 with CIECAM97s 315 15.24 Uniform colour space
based on CIECAM02 315 15.25 Some problems with CIECAM02 316 15.26 Steps for
using the CIECAM02 model 316 15.27 Steps for using the CIECAM02 model in
reverse mode 319 15.28 Worked example for the model CIECAM02 321 16 Models
of Colour Appearance for Stimuli of Different Sizes 325 16.1 Introduction
325 16.2 Stimuli of different sizes 325 16.3 Room colours 325 16.4 A model
for predicting room colours 326 16.5 Steps in using the model for
predicting room colours 327 17 Model of Colour Appearance for Unrelated
Colours in Photopic and Mesopic Illuminances 329 17.1 Introduction 329 17.2
A model for predicting unrelated colours 330 17.3 Input data required for
the model 331 17.4 Steps in using the model for unrelated colours 332 17.5
Worked example in the model for predicting unrelated colours 333 Appendices
335 Appendix 1 Radiometric and Photometric Terms and Units 337 A1.1
Introduction 337 A1.2 Physical detectors 337 A1.3 Photometric units and
terms 338 A1.4 Radiant and quantum units and terms 340 A1.5 Radiation
sources 340 A1.6 Terms for measures of reflection and transmission 341 A1.7
Other spectral luminous efficiency functions 343 A1.8 Mesopic photometry
343 Reference 344 Appendix 2 Spectral Luminous Efficiency Functions 345
Appendix 3 CIE Colour-Matching Functions 347 Appendix 4 CIE Spectral
Chromaticity Co-Ordinates 351 Appendix 5 Relative Spectral Power
Distributions of Illuminants 355 A5.1 Introduction 355 A5.2 CIE illuminants
355 A5.3 Representative fluorescent lamps 359 A5.4 Planckian radiators 368
A5.5 Gas discharge lamps 371 A5.6 Method of calculating D illuminant
distributions 374 Appendix 6 Colorimetric Formulae 379 A6.1 Chromaticity
relationships 379 A6.2 CIELUV, CIELAB, and U*V*W* relationships 379
Appendix 7 Calculation of the CIE Colour Rendering Indices 383 A7.1
Spectral radiance factors of test colours 383 A7.2 Worked example of the
CIE colour rendering indices 388 Appendix 8 Illuminant-Observer Weights for
Calculating Tristimulus Values 393 Appendix 9 Glossary of Terms 431
Reference 453 Index 455