MengChu Zhou, Han-Xiong Li, Margot Weijnen

Contemporary Issues in Systems Science and Engineering

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Various systems science and engineering disciplines are covered and challenging new research issues in these disciplines are revealed. They will be extremely valuable for the readers to search for some new research directions and problems.
* Chapters are contributed by world-renowned systems engineers
* Chapters include discussions and conclusions
* Readers can grasp each event holistically without having professional expertise in the field

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Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.

Produktdetails

• IEEE Press Series on Systems Science and Engineering
• Verlag: Wiley & Sons / Wiley-Blackwell
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 896
• Erscheinungstermin: 20. April 2015
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 240mm x 161mm x 52mm
• Gewicht: 1481g
• ISBN-13: 9781118271865
• ISBN-10: 1118271866
• Artikelnr.: 36724589

Autorenporträt

MengChu Zhou is a Distinguished Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the New Jersey Institute of Technology (NJIT), USA. He is an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, and is a fellow of IEEE, IFAC, and AAAS. Han-Xiong Li is a Professor in the Department of Systems Science and Engineering and Engineering Management at the City University of Hong Kong , HK. Dr. Li Serves as an Associate Editor of IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics, and IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics. He is a Fellow of the IEEE. Margot Weijnen is a full Professor of Process and Energy Systems Engineering at Delft University of Technology, the Netherlands. She is the founding and Scientific Director of Next Generation Infrastructures and, since 2013, a member of the Netherlands Scientific Council for Government Policy. She is a founding fellow of ISEAM and European editor of the Journal of Critical Infrastructures.

Inhaltsangabe

Contributors xxiii Preface xxix I Systems Science are Engineering Methodologies 1 1 A Systems Framework For Sustainability 3 Ali G. Hessami, Feng Hsu, are Hamid Jahankhani 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 A Unified Systems Sustainability Concept 5 1.3 Sustainability Assurance: the Framework 6 1.3.1 Weighted Factors Analysis 6 1.3.2 the Framework 7 1.3.3 the Macro Concept of a Sustainable Architecture (G4.1) 10 1.3.4 the Micro Concept of a Sustainable System 11 1.3.5 A Top-Down Hierarchy of a Multi-Level Sustainability Concept 12 1.4 Technological Sustainability Case Study-Information Systems Security 13 1.4.1 Network Security as a Business Issue 14 1.4.2 the Focus of Investment on Network Security 15 1.5 Conclusions 17 References 18 2 System of Systems Thinking In Policy Development: Challenges are Opportunities 21 Keith W. Hipel, Liping Fang, are Michele Bristow 2.1 Introduction 21 2.1.1 A World in Crisis 21 2.1.2 System of Systems 23 2.2 Value Systems are Ethics 26 2.2.1 Conflicting Value Systems 27 2.2.2 Modeling Value Systems 28 2.3 Complex Adaptive Systems 32 2.3.1 Emergent Behavior 32 2.3.2 Modeling Complex Systems 34 2.4 Risk, Uncertainty, are Unpredictability 37 2.4.1 Risk Management 37 2.4.2 Modeling Risk are Adaptation Processes 40 2.5 System of Systems Modeling are Policy Development 42 2.5.1 Global Food System Model 43 2.5.2 Policy Implications 51 2.6 Conclusions 58 References 59 3 Systemic Yoyos: An Intuition are Playground For General Systems Research 71 Yi Lin, Yi Dongyun, are Zaiwu Gong 3.1 Introduction 71 3.1.1 the Concept of General Systems 72 3.1.2 A Look at the Success of Calculus-Based Theories 75 3.1.3 Whole Evolution are Yoyo Fields 78 3.2 Theoretical are Empirical Justifications 81 3.2.1 Transitional Changes in Whole Evolutions 81 3.2.2 Quantitative Infinity are Equal Quantitative Effects 83 3.2.3 Fluid Circulation, Informational Infrastructure, are Human Communications 86 3.3 Elementary Properties of Yoyo Fields 91 3.3.1 Eddy are Meridian Fields 91 3.3.2 Interactions Between Systemic Yoyos 94 3.3.3 Laws on State of Motion 98 3.4 Applications in Social Sciences 102 3.4.1 Systemic Structures of Civilizations 102 3.4.2 Systemic Structures Beneath Business Organizations 108 3.4.3 Systemic Structure in Human Mind 109 3.5 Applications in Economics 113 3.5.1 Becker's Rotten Kid Theorem 113 3.5.2 Interindustry Wage Differentials 117 3.5.3 Price Behaviors of Projects 122 3.6 Applications in the Foundations of Mathematics 127 3.6.1 Historical Crises in the Foundations of Mathematics 128 3.6.2 Actual are Potential Infinities 131 3.6.3 Vase Puzzle are the Fourth Crisis 132 3.7 Applications in Extreme Weather Forecast 137 3.7.1 V-3
 Graphs: A Structural Prediction Method 137 3.7.2 Digitization of Irregular Information 140 3.8 Conclusions 143 References 146 4 Grey System: Thinking, Methods, are Models With Applications 153 Sifeng Liu, Jeffrey Y.L. Forrest, are Yingjie Yang 4.1 Introduction 153 4.1.1 Inception are Growth of Grey System Theory 153 4.1.2 Basics of Grey System 155 4.2 Sequence Operators 157 4.2.1 Buffer Operators 158 4.2.2 Generation of Grey Sequences 160 4.2.3 Exponentiality of Accumulating Generations 162 4.3 Grey Incidence Analysis 163 4.3.1 Grey Incidence Factors are Set of Grey Incidence Operators 163 4.3.2 Degrees of Grey Incidences 164 4.3.3 General Grey Incidence Models 165 4.3.4 Grey Incidence Models Based on Similarity and Nearness 167 4.4 Grey Cluster Evaluation Models 168 4.4.1 Grey Incidence Clustering 169 4.4.2 Grey Variable Weight Clustering 169 4.4.3 Grey Fixed Weight Clustering 171 4.4.4 Grey Evaluation Using Triangular Whitenization Functions 172 4.4.5 Practical Applications 175 4.5 Grey Prediction Models 176 4.5.1 GM(1,1) Model 176 4.5.2 Improvements on GM(1,1) Models 177 4.5.3 Applicable Ranges of GM(1,1) Models 180 4.5.4 Discrete Grey Models 180 4.5.5 GM(r,h) Models 182 4.5.6 Grey System Predictions 188 4.6 Grey Models for Decision-Making 193 4.6.1 Grey Target Decisions 193 4.6.2 Multi-Attribute Intelligent Grey Target Decision Models 201 4.7 Practical Applications 202 4.7.1 To Analyze the Time Difference of Economic Indices 202 4.7.2 the Evaluation of Science are Technology Park 206 4.7.3 To Select the Supplier of Key Components of Large Commercial Aircrafts 209 4.8 Introduction to the Software of Grey System Modeling 211 4.8.1 Features are Functions 211 4.8.2 Operation Guide 213 Acknowledgments 220 References 222 5 Building Resilience: Naval Expeditionary Command are Control 225 Christopher Nemeth, Thomas Miller, Michael Polidoro, and C. Matthew O'Connor 5.1 Introduction 225 5.2 Expeditionary Operations Command are Control 226 5.2.1 Systems Acquisition 227 5.3 Human-Centered System Development 228 5.3.1 Envisioned World Problem 229 5.3.2 Cognitive Systems Engineering 229 5.3.3 Application: Navy Expeditionary Combat Command 230 5.3.4 Reasonable Scientific Criteria 231 5.4 Discussion 232 5.4.1 Resilience Engineering 232 5.4.2 the Data Hub 234 5.4.3 Implementation Challenges 234 5.4.4 Limitations 234 5.5 Future Work 236 5.5.1 Human Performance Research 236 5.5.2 Transition from Qualitative Research to Design 236 5.5.3 Resilience Engineering 236 5.6 Conclusions 237 Acknowledgments 237 References 237 II Learning are Control 241 6 Advances are Challenges On Intelligent Learning In Control Systems 243 Ching-Chih Tsai, Kao-Shing Hwang, Alan Liu, are Chia-Feng Juang 6.1 Introduction 243 6.2 Reinforcement Learning 245 6.2.1 Reinforcement Learning 245 6.2.2 Q-Learning Algorithm 247 6.2.3 Reinforcement Learning in Robots 249 6.2.4 Soccer Robot Behaviors 250 6.2.5 Concluding Remarks 251 6.3 Bio-Inspired Evolutionary Learning Control 252 6.3.1 Bio-Inspired Evolutionary Learning Control 252 6.3.2 Bio-Inspired Evolutionary Robots 253 6.4 Intelligent Learning Control Using Fuzzy Neural Networks 254 6.4.1 Introduction 254 6.4.2 Intelligent Learning Control Using FNNs 255 6.5 Case-Based Reasoning are Learning 257 6.5.1 Case-Based Reasoning Process 257 6.5.2 Case Design are Reuse 257 6.5.3 Hybrid Learning Method Architectures in CBR 258 6.5.4 Applications in Human-Robot Interaction 259 6.6 Conclusions 260 References 261 7 Adaptive Classifiers For Nonstationary Environments 265 Cesare Alippi, Giacomo Boracchi, Manuel Roveri, Gregory Ditzler, and Robi Polikar 7.1 Introduction 265 7.2 Definition of the Problem 266 7.3 Learning Concept Drifts 268 7.4 Change Detection 272 7.4.1 Change-Detection Tests: A Review 273 7.4.2 Change-Detection Tests in Adaptive Classifiers 276 7.5 Assessing the Performance: Figures of Merit 278 7.5.1 Raw Classification Accuracy 279 7.5.2 Confusion Matrix 279 7.5.3 Geometric Mean 280 7.5.4 Precision are Recall 280 7.5.5 F-measure 281 7.5.6 Receiver Operator Characteristic Curve are Area Under the Curve 281 7.6 Conclusions 282 References 283 8 Modeling, Analysis, Scheduling, are Control of Cluster Tools In Semiconductor Fabrication 289 Nai Qi Wu, Mengchu Zhou, Feng Chu, are Sä
d Mammar 8.1 Introduction 289 8.2 Cluster Tools are Their Operations 290 8.2.1 Architecture of Cluster Tools 290 8.2.2 Wafer Flow Patterns 291 8.2.3 Operation Requirements 294 8.3 Modeling are Performance Evaluation 295 8.3.1 Analysis Based on Timing Diagram Model 295 8.3.2 Analysis Based on Marked Graph 296 8.3.3 Analysis Based on Resource-Oriented Petri Nets 299 8.3.4 Discussion 302 8.4 Single Cluster Tool Scheduling 302 8.4.1 Scheduling with Wafer Residency Time Constraints 302 8.4.2 Scheduling with Both Wafer Residency Constraints and Activity Time Variation 305 8.4.3 Scheduling with Wafer Revisiting 306 8.4.4 Schedule Implementation 307 8.4.5 Discussion 307 8.5 Scheduling of Multi-cluster Tools 308 8.5.1 Deadlock Control are Scheduling of Track Systems 308 8.5.2 Schedule Optimization 309 8.5.3 Discussion 311 8.6 Conclusions 311 References 311 9 Design, Simulation, are Dynamic Control Of Large-Scale Manufacturing Process With Different Forms of Uncertainties 317 Hyunsoo Lee are Amarnath Banerjee 9.1 Introduction 317 9.1.1 Issues in Design of Large-Scale Manufacturing Processes 318 9.1.2 Simulation Model for Dynamic Control 320 9.2 Background are Literature Review 322 9.3 Different Types of Uncertainties are FCPN-std 327 9.3.1 Definition of FCPN-std 327 9.3.2 Modular Design are Five-Stage Modeling Methodology 329 9.3.3 Simulation Using FCPN-std 332 9.4 Design of Large-Scale Manufacturing Processes 333 9.5 Dynamic Control of Manufacturing Processes 335 9.6 Conclusions 339 References 340 10 Model Identification are Synthesis of Discrete-Event Systems 343 Maria Paola Cabasino, Philippe Darondeau, Maria Pia Fanti, and Carla Seatzu 10.1 Introduction 343 10.2 Background on Finite State Automata are Petri Nets 344 10.2.1 Finite State Automata 344 10.2.2 Petri Nets 346 10.3 Identification are Synthesis of Languages are Finite State Automata 347 10.4 Identification are Synthesis of Petri Nets 349 10.4.1 Synthesis from Graphs 350 10.4.2 Identification are Synthesis from Finite Languages Over T 352 10.4.3 Identification are Synthesis from Finite Languages Over E 355 10.4.4 Related Problems in the PN Framework 360 10.5 Process Mining are Workflow Problems 361 10.6 Conclusions 363 References 363 III Human-Machine Systems Design 367 11 Advances are Challenges In Intelligent Adaptive Interface Design 369 Ming Hou, Haibin Zhu, Mengchu Zhou, are Robert Arrabito 11.1 Introduction 369 11.2 Evolution of Interface Technologies are IAI Concept 372 11.2.1 Evolution of Interface Technologies 373 11.2.2 A Conceptual Framework of IAI Systems 377 11.3 Challenges of IAI Design, Alternative Solutions, are Empirical Investigations 381 11.3.1 Challenges of IAI Design 381 11.3.2 User-Centered Design Approach 382 11.3.3 Agent-Based Interface Design Approaches 383 11.3.4 Analytical Methodologies 385 11.3.5 Empirical Investigations 387 11.4 Multiagent-Based Design are Operator-Agent Interaction 389 11.4.1 AIA Concept 389 11.4.2 Operator-Agent Interaction Model 391 11.4.3 Difference Between Human-Human Interaction, Human-Machine Interaction, are Operator-Agent Interaction 393 11.4.4 Optimization of Operator-Agent Interaction 396 11.5 A Generic IAI System Architecture are AIA Components 397 11.5.1 Generic IAI System Architecture 397 11.5.2 AIA Structure 402 11.5.3 Adaptation Processes 403 11.6 An IAI are AIA Design: Case Study 405 11.6.1 Interface Design Requirements for the Control of Multiple UAVs 406 11.6.2 Issues 407 11.6.3 How the IAI Design Method Was Used 407 11.6.4 Task Network Modeling are Simulation 409 11.6.5 AIA Implementation 411 11.6.6 Human-in-the-Loop Experimentation 413 11.6.7 AIA Evaluation 413 11.6.8 Discussions are Implications 413 11.7 Conclusions 415 Acknowledgments 417 References 417 12 A Complex Adaptive System of Systems Approach to Human-Automation Interaction In Smart Grid 425 Alireza Fereidunian, Hamid Lesani, Mohammad Ali Zamani, Mohamad Amin Sharifi Kolarijani, Negar Hassanpour, are Sina Sharif Mansouri 12.1 Introduction 425 12.2 Complexity in Systems Science are Engineering 426 12.2.1 the Nature of Complexity 426 12.2.2 Complex Systems 429 12.2.3 Complexity Measures 431 12.2.4 Complexity-Related Terms in Literature 433 12.3 Complex Adaptive Systems 436 12.3.1 What are Complex Adaptive Systems? 436 12.3.2 Characteristics of Complex Adaptive Systems 437 12.4 System of Systems 442 12.4.1 Necessity are Definition 442 12.4.2 Characteristics of System of Systems 444 12.4.3 System of Systems Types 448 12.4.4 A Taxonomy of Systems Family 448 12.5 Complex Adaptive System of Systems 453 12.6 Human-Automation Interaction 454 12.6.1 Automation 454 12.6.2 HAI: Where Humans Interact with Automation 455 12.6.3 HAI are Function Allocation 456 12.6.4 Evolution of HAI Models: Dimensions 457 12.6.5 Evolution of HAI Models: Dynamism 458 12.6.6 Adaptive Autonomy Implementation 460 12.7 HAI in Smart Grid as a Casos 462 12.7.1 Smart Grid 462 12.7.2 HAI in Smart Grid as a CAS 465 12.7.3 HAI in Smart Grid as an SoS 467 12.8 Petri Nets for Complex Systems Modeling 467 12.8.1 Definition 468 12.8.2 Graph Representation of Petri Nets 468 12.8.3 Transition Firing 469 12.8.4 Reachability 470 12.8.5 Incidence Matrix are State Equation 470 12.8.6 Inhibitor Arc 470 12.8.7 IF-THEN Rules by Petri Net 470 12.9 Model-Based Implementation of Adaptive Autonomy 471 12.9.1 the Implementation Framework 471 12.9.2 Case Study: Adaptive Autonomy in Smart Grid 472 12.10 Adaptive Autonomy Realization Using Petri Nets 473 12.10.1 Implementation Methodology 473 12.10.2 Realization of AAHPNES 475 12.10.3 Results are Discussions 482 12.11 Conclusions 483 Acknowledgments 485 References 485 13 Virtual Training For Procedural Skills Development: Case Studies are Lessons Learnt 501 Dawei Jia, Asim Bhatti, are Saeid Nahavandi 13.1 Introduction 501 13.2 Related Work 502 13.2.1 Background 502 13.2.2 Human Side of VT System Efficacy-Issues and Concerns 503 13.3 Present Study 505 13.3.1 Motivation are Aims 505 13.3.2 System Architecture are Human-Machine Interface 506 13.3.3 Measures 508 13.4 Case Study 1 509 13.4.1 Method 509 13.4.2 Results 511 13.4.3 Discussion 515 13.5 Case Study 2 516 13.5.1 Method 516 13.5.2 Results 519 13.5.3 Discussion 524 13.6 Lessons Learnt are Future Work 527 13.6.1 Training Design are Method 527 13.6.2 Measurement Methods 528 13.6.3 Prior Experience with a Force-Reflective Haptic Interface 530 13.6.4 Future Work 531 13.7 Conclusions 531 References 532 14 Computer Supported Collaborative Design: Technologies, Systems, are Applications 537 Weiming Shen, Jean-Paul Barthés, are Junzhou Luo 14.1 Introduction 537 14.2 History of Computer Supported Collaborative Design 538 14.2.1 CSCD 538 14.2.2 CSCD Eve: 1980s 539 14.2.3 CSCD Emergence: 1990s 541 14.2.4 CSCD: Today 542 14.3 Methods, Techniques, are Technologies 542 14.3.1 Communication, Coordination, are Cooperation 542 14.3.2 Negotiation are Conflict Resolution 546 14.3.3 Ontology are Semantic Integration 548 14.3.4 Personal Assistance are Human-Machine Interaction 548 14.3.5 Collaborative Workflows 550 14.3.6 Collaborative Virtual Workspaces are Environments 552 14.3.7 New Representation Schemes for Collaborative Design 552 14.3.8 New Visualization Systems for Collaborative Design 553 14.3.9 Product Data Management are Product Lifecycle Management Systems 553 14.3.10 Security are Privacy 554 14.4 Collaborative Design Systems 555 14.4.1 System Architectures 555 14.4.2 Web-Based/Centralized Systems 557 14.4.3 Agent-Based/Distributed Systems 558 14.4.4 Service-Oriented Systems 558 14.4.5 Collaborative Design Over Supply Chain (Virtual Enterprise) 559 14.5 Applications 560 14.6 Research Challenges are Opportunities 561 14.7 Conclusions 564 References 564 15 Support Collaboration With Roles 575 Haibin Zhu, Mengchu Zhou, are Ming Hou 15.1 Introduction 575 15.2 Benefits of Roles in Collaboration 577 15.2.1 Establishing Trust in Collaboration 577 15.2.2 Establishing Dynamics 578 15.2.3 Facilitating Interaction 580 15.2.4 Support Adaptation 582 15.2.5 Information Sharing 583 15.2.6 Other Benefits 585 15.3 Role-Based Collaboration 585 15.4 E-Cargo Model 590 15.5 A Case Study with RBC are E-Cargo 592 15.6 Conclusions 595 References 595 IV Cloud are Service-Oriented Computing 599 16 Control-Based Approaches to Dynamic Resource Management In Cloud Computing 601 Pengcheng Xiong, Calton Pu, Zhikui Wang, are Gueyoung Jung 16.1 Introduction 601 16.1.1 Public Cloud Computing 602 16.1.2 Dynamic Resource Management: Control-Based Approaches 602 16.2 Experimental Setup are Application Models 603 16.2.1 Test Bed are Control Architecture for a Multi-Tier Application 604 16.2.2 System Models for the Application: Open or Closed 606 16.3 Dynamic Resource Allocation Through Utilization Control 607 16.3.1 Design of Experiments 607 16.3.2 Performance of the Application Under Control 608 16.4 Performance Guarantee Through Dynamic Resource Allocation 612 16.5 Conclusions 614 References 615 17 A Petri Net Solution to Protocol-Level Mismatches In Service Composition 619 Pengcheng Xiong, Mengchu Zhou, Calton Pu, are Yushun Fan 17.1 Introduction 619 17.1.1 Interface Mismatches 621 17.1.2 Protocol-Level Mismatches 622 17.2 Modeling Service Interaction with Petri Nets 624 17.2.1 Basic Petri Nets 624 17.2.2 Model Web Service Interaction with C-Net 627 17.3 Protocol-Level Mismatch Analysis 630 17.3.1 Protocol-Level Mismatch Detection 630 17.3.2 Core Algorithm 632 17.3.3 Comprehensive Solution to Protocol-Level Mismatch 634 17.4 Illustrating Examples 636 17.5 Conclusions 638 References 641 18 Service-Oriented Workflow Systems 645 Wei Tan are Mengchu Zhou 18.1 Introduction 645 18.2 Workflow in SOC: State of the Art 647 18.2.1 Languages for Service Composition 647 18.2.2 Automatic Service Composition 649 18.2.3 Mediation-Aided Service Composition 649 18.2.4 Verification of Service Workflows 650 18.2.5 Decentralized Execution of Workflows 651 18.3 Open Issues 652 18.3.1 Social Network Meets Service Computing 652 18.3.2 More Practical are Flexible Service Composition 652 18.3.3 Workflow as a Service 653 18.3.4 Novel Applications 654 18.4 Conclusions 656 References 657 V Sensing, Networking, are Optimization In Robotics are Manufacturing 661 19 Rehabilitation Robotic Prostheses For Upper Extremity 663 Han-Pang Huang, Yi-Hung Liu, Wei-Chen Lee, Jiun-Yih Kuan, and Tzu-Hao Huang 19.1 Introduction 663 19.2 Rehabilitation Robot Arm are Control 664 19.2.1 Mechanism Design 666 19.2.2 Dynamic Model of an Individual Joint 669 19.2.3 LTR-Observer-Based Individual Joint Dynamic Sliding Mode Control with Gravity Compensation 671 19.2.4 Simulation of the NTU Rehabilitation Robot Arm II 676 19.2.5 Experimental Results for the NTU Rehabilitation Robot Arm II 677 19.3 Rehabilitation Robot Hand 678 19.4 Stability of Neuroprosthesis 683 19.4.1 SVDD-Based Target EMG Pattern Estimation 685 19.4.2 Nontarget EMG Pattern Filtering Scheme 686 19.4.3 Illustrative Example 688 19.5 Conclusions 691 References 692 20 Accelerometer-Based Body Sensor Network (Bsn) For Medical Diagnosis Assessment are Training 699 Ming-Yih Lee, Kin Fong Lei, Wen-Yen Lin, Wann-Yun Shieh, Wen-Wei Tsai, Simon H. Fu, are Chung-Hsien Kuo 20.1 Introduction 699 20.2 Body Sensor Network 700 20.3 Information Retrieved from Accelerometer 702 20.4 Recent Advances in Accelerometer-Based BSN 703 20.4.1 Tilting Angle Identification 703 20.4.2 Muscle Strength Identification 706 20.4.3 Gait Performance Identification 708 20.5 Applications of Accelerometer-Based BSN for Rehabilitation 711 20.5.1 Human Stability Evaluation System 711 20.5.2 Postural Stability Evaluation for Stroke Patients 712 20.5.3 Postural Stability Training for Stroke Patients 713 20.6 BSN Simulation System 715 20.7 Conclusions 718 References 719 21 Telepresence Robots For Medical are Homecare Applications 725 Jun-Ming Lu are Yeh-Liang Hsu 21.1 Introduction 725 21.2 Surgery, Diagnosis, are Consultation 727 21.3 Rehabilitation are Therapy 728 21.4 Monitoring are Assistance 728 21.5 Communication 729 21.6 Key Factors Contributing to the Success of Telepresence Robots 729 21.6.1 Robot Factors of Acceptance 729 21.6.2 Human Factors of Acceptance 731 21.6.3 Summary 732 21.7 Conclusions 732 References 732 22 Advances In Climbing Robots 737 Jizhong Xiao are Hongguang Wang 22.1 Introduction 737 22.2 Technologies for Adhering to Surfaces 738 22.2.1 Magnetic Adhesion 739 22.2.2 Vacuum Suction Techniques 740 22.2.3 Aerodynamic Attraction 744 22.2.4 Grasping Grippers 748 22.2.5 Bio-Mimetic Approaches Inspired by Climbing Animals 749 22.2.6 Emerging Technologies for Climbing Robots 753 22.3 Locomotion Techniques of Climbing Robots 755 22.4 Conclusions 759 Acknowledgment 760 References 760 23 Data Processing In Current 3D Robotic Perception Systems 767 Cang YE 23.1 Introduction 767 23.1.1 Stereovision 767 23.1.2 LIDAR 769 23.1.3 Flash LIDAR Camera (FLC) 770 23.2 An LIDAR-Based Terrain Mapping are Navigation System 771 23.2.1 Overview of the Mapping are Navigation System 772 23.2.2 Terrain Mapping 773 23.2.3 Terrain Traversability Analysis 776 23.2.4 PTI Histogram for Path Planning 777 23.2.5 Experimental Results 779 23.3 FLC-Based Systems 781 23.3.1 VR-Odometry 782 23.3.2 Three-Dimensional Data Segmentation 787 23.4 Conclusions 791 Acknowledgments 792 References 792 24 Hybrid/Electric Vehicle Battery Manufacturing: The State-Of-The-Art 795 Claudia P. Arenas Guerrero, Feng Ju, Jingshan Li, Guoxian Xiao, and Stephan Biller 24.1 Introduction 795 24.2 Vehicle Battery Requirements 796 24.3 Hybrid, Plug-In Hybrid, are Electric Vehicle 797 24.3.1 Hybrid Electric Vehicle 797 24.3.2 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle 797 24.3.3 Electric Vehicle 798 24.4 Battery Technology Development 798 24.5 Nickel-Metal Hydride Battery 799 24.5.1 NiMH Battery Manufacturing 800 24.5.2 NiMH Batteries in Commercial Vehicles 800 24.5.3 Cost 801 24.5.4 Recycling 801 24.6 Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Battery 802 24.6.1 Lithium Technology 802 24.6.2 Manufacturing Processes 803 24.6.3 Li-Ion Batteries in Commercial Vehicles 807 24.6.4 Safety 808 24.6.5 Cost 809 24.6.6 Environmental Issues 809 24.6.7 Recycling 809 24.7 Challenges 810 24.8 Conclusions 812 References 812 25 Recent Advances are Issues In Facility Location Problems 817 Feng Chu, Zhanguo Zhu, are Saï
d Mammar 25.1 Introduction 817 25.2 A Capacitated Plant Location Problem with Multicommodity Flow 819 25.2.1 Problem Description 819 25.2.2 Problem Formulation 819 25.3 A Multitype Transshipment Point Location Problem with Multicommodity Flow 821 25.3.1 Problem Description 821 25.3.2 Problem Formulation 822 25.4 A Large Scale New Variant of Capacitated Clustering Problem 824 25.4.1 Problem Description 824 25.4.2 Problem Formulation 825 25.5 A Location Problem with Selective Matching are Vehicles Assignment 826 25.5.1 Problem Description 826 25.5.2 Problem Formulation 826 25.6 Competitive Facility Location are Design with Reactions of Competitors Already in the Market 828 25.6.1 Problem Description 829 25.6.2 Problem Formulation 829 25.7 Conclusions are Future Research Directions 831 References 832 Index 835