A groundbreaking ethnography of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood The Islamists' political rise in Arab countries has often been explained by their capacity to provide social services, representing a challenge to the legitimacy of neoliberal states. Few studies, however, have addressed how this social action was provided, and how it engendered popular political support for Islamist organizations. Most of the time the links between social services and Islamist groups have been taken as given, rather than empirically examined, with studies of specific Islamist organizations tending to focus on…mehr
A groundbreaking ethnography of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood The Islamists' political rise in Arab countries has often been explained by their capacity to provide social services, representing a challenge to the legitimacy of neoliberal states. Few studies, however, have addressed how this social action was provided, and how it engendered popular political support for Islamist organizations. Most of the time the links between social services and Islamist groups have been taken as given, rather than empirically examined, with studies of specific Islamist organizations tending to focus on their internal patterns of sectarian mobilization and the ideological indoctrination of committed members. Taking the case of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood (MB), this book offers a groundbreaking ethnography of Islamist everyday politics and social action in three districts of Greater Cairo. Based on long-term fieldwork among grassroots networks and on interviews with MB deputies, members, and beneficiaries, it shows how the MB operated on a day-to-day basis in society, through social brokering, constituent relations, and popular outreach. How did ordinary MB members concretely relate to local populations in the neighborhoods where they lived? What kinds of social services did they deliver? How did they experience belonging to the Brotherhood and how this membership fit in with their other social identities? Finally, what political effects did their social action entail, both in terms of popular support and of contestation or cooperation with the state? Nuanced, theoretically eclectic, and empirically rich, The Muslim Brothers in Society reveals the fragile balances on which the Muslim Brotherhood's political and social action was based and shows how these balances were disrupted after the January 2011 uprising. It provides an alternative way of understanding their historical failure in 2013.Hinweis: Dieser Artikel kann nur an eine deutsche Lieferadresse ausgeliefert werden.
List of Figures List of Tables List of Maps Acknowledgments Introduction: Encountering the Brothers A Public Secret 2 --Mosalsal 2 --Al-Mahzura 4 --Open Secrecy, Informality, and the State 5 The Gama'a and Society 7 --The Debate 7 --The Purpose of This Book 9 Investigating Open Secrecy 12 --The Local Offices of Brotherhood MPs 12 --Ethnography and the Evidential Paradigm 13 --The Role of the Researcher 16 The Structure of the Study 19 1. (In)formal Politics The Brotherhood and the Local Road to Parliament 22 --Rebuilding an Undefined Organization 23 --Electoral Politics and Social Embedding 28 --The Brotherhood as an Informal Player 35 The 2005 Elections: Knowing the Brothers 42 --Brotherhood Candidates: Non-professional Participants 42 --A Local Public-Work Elite 47 Conclusion 51 2. Mobilizing Disinterestedness Statesmen, Businessmen, and Men of God? 54 --Patterns of Eligibility 55 --Serving Society and Serving God 68 "A House Does Not Only Have Foundations" 79 --Producing Voters 80 --External Networks: The 'Izba Politics 87 Conclusion 92 3. Banned MPs Dealing with the Tanzim 98 --Internal Positioning of the MPs 98 --Local Variations in MP Staff 103 Dealing with the Everyday State 115 --Three Models of Negotiating Access to Resources 115 --Meeting Individual Requests: Mediation, Instruction, and Ascription 125 Conclusion 136 4. The Politics of Goodness The Social Spread of the Gama'a: The Networks of Khayr 143 --Brotherhood Networks: Activist Groups and Extensions 143 --Semi-Brotherhood Networks: Local Partner Institutions 148 --Neighborhood Social Networks and Associated Personalities 155 The Social Construction of Ethical Conduct 164 --Charity Days: Doing and Ways of Doing 165 --Conducts of the Exemplary Self 174 Conclusion 186 5. The Double-edged Sword of Brotherhood Becoming a Brother: The Embodiment of Ethical Conduct 191 --Methodological Remarks 191 --Shaping Orthopraxy: Islam, Tarbiyya, and Discipline 192 Socializing the Brothers: The Centrality of Margins 197 --Locating the Ikhwani Self 197 --To Be or Not to Be Ikhwani-Is That the Question? 203 --Brothers and Others: When Tarbiyya Encourages --Social Interaction 208 When 'Good' Is Not 'Right': 'Us' vs. 'Them' 212 --The Emergence of Public Dissent: Listening to the Bloggers 213 --Ideological Defection and Emotional (Dis)affection 216 --The Ambivalence of Virtue 226 Conclusion 242 6. Goodness in Dire Straits The Politics of Conflictual Consensus 245 --Authoritarian Co-production and Latent Conflict 246 --Mazlumin and Virtuous Neighbors: Activating --Political Divisions 255 Breaking Down and Falling Out: The Radicalization of Conflict 263 --Mansour, a Low-ranking Feloul in the Breakdown of Local Politics 264 --How Not to Get Out from Secrecy 268 --Exiles and Exits 276 Conclusion 282 Notes 284 Bibliography 304 Index 316 Figures 1. Leaflets of MB candidates in Helwan, 1995. 39 2-4. Leafl from 'Ali Fath al-Bab, MB candidate in Tibbin/15 Mayo. 39 5-8. Sheikh al-Muhammadi's electoral leaflet, Helwan, 2005. 73-74, 81 9. 'Isam Mukhtar's electoral leaflet, Madinat Nasr, 2005. 84 10. Photo of the Parliamentary Bloc of the MB. 97 11. Examples of Mukhtar's parliamentary interventions. 117 12. Sheikh al-Muhammadi's publication. 121 13. Publication from Fath al-Bab's office. 124 14. Mukhtar's leaflet of celebrations and services. 140 15. Some examples of services in Sheikh al-Muhammadi's publication. 141 16. Diagram of Madame Wafa's Network. 162 17. Postcard published by Fath al-Bab's office. 172 Tables 1. Participation in Egyptian Legislative Elections, 1984-2005. 33 2. Results of Egyptian Legislative Elections, 1976-2010. 34 3. The Educational Backgrounds of MB Candidates in the 2005 Elections. 43 4. Professionals and Others: The Occupations of MB Candidates in 2005. 45 5. Public Work Activities of MB Candidates in 2005. 47-48 6. Main Candidates in Tibbin/15 Mayo. 58 7. Main Candidates in Helwan. 60 8. Main Candidates in Madinat Nasr. 64 9. Six Aspects of the Symbolic Economy of Disinterestedness. 77 10. Profiles of Brotherhood MP Staff in Helwan, 2005-2010. 105 Maps 1. Electoral constituencies of Helwan, Tibbin/15 Mayo and Madinat Nasr, 2005-2010. 66 2. Demographic disparities between subdistricts. 67 3. Craft and industrial workers by subdistrict. 67 4. Services and sales workers by subdistrict. 68 5. Technicians and clerks by subdistrict. 68 6. Professionals in technical and scientifi occupations by subdistrict. 69 7. Employees in the public sector by subdistrict. 69
List of Figures List of Tables List of Maps Acknowledgments Introduction: Encountering the Brothers A Public Secret 2 --Mosalsal 2 --Al-Mahzura 4 --Open Secrecy, Informality, and the State 5 The Gama'a and Society 7 --The Debate 7 --The Purpose of This Book 9 Investigating Open Secrecy 12 --The Local Offices of Brotherhood MPs 12 --Ethnography and the Evidential Paradigm 13 --The Role of the Researcher 16 The Structure of the Study 19 1. (In)formal Politics The Brotherhood and the Local Road to Parliament 22 --Rebuilding an Undefined Organization 23 --Electoral Politics and Social Embedding 28 --The Brotherhood as an Informal Player 35 The 2005 Elections: Knowing the Brothers 42 --Brotherhood Candidates: Non-professional Participants 42 --A Local Public-Work Elite 47 Conclusion 51 2. Mobilizing Disinterestedness Statesmen, Businessmen, and Men of God? 54 --Patterns of Eligibility 55 --Serving Society and Serving God 68 "A House Does Not Only Have Foundations" 79 --Producing Voters 80 --External Networks: The 'Izba Politics 87 Conclusion 92 3. Banned MPs Dealing with the Tanzim 98 --Internal Positioning of the MPs 98 --Local Variations in MP Staff 103 Dealing with the Everyday State 115 --Three Models of Negotiating Access to Resources 115 --Meeting Individual Requests: Mediation, Instruction, and Ascription 125 Conclusion 136 4. The Politics of Goodness The Social Spread of the Gama'a: The Networks of Khayr 143 --Brotherhood Networks: Activist Groups and Extensions 143 --Semi-Brotherhood Networks: Local Partner Institutions 148 --Neighborhood Social Networks and Associated Personalities 155 The Social Construction of Ethical Conduct 164 --Charity Days: Doing and Ways of Doing 165 --Conducts of the Exemplary Self 174 Conclusion 186 5. The Double-edged Sword of Brotherhood Becoming a Brother: The Embodiment of Ethical Conduct 191 --Methodological Remarks 191 --Shaping Orthopraxy: Islam, Tarbiyya, and Discipline 192 Socializing the Brothers: The Centrality of Margins 197 --Locating the Ikhwani Self 197 --To Be or Not to Be Ikhwani-Is That the Question? 203 --Brothers and Others: When Tarbiyya Encourages --Social Interaction 208 When 'Good' Is Not 'Right': 'Us' vs. 'Them' 212 --The Emergence of Public Dissent: Listening to the Bloggers 213 --Ideological Defection and Emotional (Dis)affection 216 --The Ambivalence of Virtue 226 Conclusion 242 6. Goodness in Dire Straits The Politics of Conflictual Consensus 245 --Authoritarian Co-production and Latent Conflict 246 --Mazlumin and Virtuous Neighbors: Activating --Political Divisions 255 Breaking Down and Falling Out: The Radicalization of Conflict 263 --Mansour, a Low-ranking Feloul in the Breakdown of Local Politics 264 --How Not to Get Out from Secrecy 268 --Exiles and Exits 276 Conclusion 282 Notes 284 Bibliography 304 Index 316 Figures 1. Leaflets of MB candidates in Helwan, 1995. 39 2-4. Leafl from 'Ali Fath al-Bab, MB candidate in Tibbin/15 Mayo. 39 5-8. Sheikh al-Muhammadi's electoral leaflet, Helwan, 2005. 73-74, 81 9. 'Isam Mukhtar's electoral leaflet, Madinat Nasr, 2005. 84 10. Photo of the Parliamentary Bloc of the MB. 97 11. Examples of Mukhtar's parliamentary interventions. 117 12. Sheikh al-Muhammadi's publication. 121 13. Publication from Fath al-Bab's office. 124 14. Mukhtar's leaflet of celebrations and services. 140 15. Some examples of services in Sheikh al-Muhammadi's publication. 141 16. Diagram of Madame Wafa's Network. 162 17. Postcard published by Fath al-Bab's office. 172 Tables 1. Participation in Egyptian Legislative Elections, 1984-2005. 33 2. Results of Egyptian Legislative Elections, 1976-2010. 34 3. The Educational Backgrounds of MB Candidates in the 2005 Elections. 43 4. Professionals and Others: The Occupations of MB Candidates in 2005. 45 5. Public Work Activities of MB Candidates in 2005. 47-48 6. Main Candidates in Tibbin/15 Mayo. 58 7. Main Candidates in Helwan. 60 8. Main Candidates in Madinat Nasr. 64 9. Six Aspects of the Symbolic Economy of Disinterestedness. 77 10. Profiles of Brotherhood MP Staff in Helwan, 2005-2010. 105 Maps 1. Electoral constituencies of Helwan, Tibbin/15 Mayo and Madinat Nasr, 2005-2010. 66 2. Demographic disparities between subdistricts. 67 3. Craft and industrial workers by subdistrict. 67 4. Services and sales workers by subdistrict. 68 5. Technicians and clerks by subdistrict. 68 6. Professionals in technical and scientifi occupations by subdistrict. 69 7. Employees in the public sector by subdistrict. 69
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