This book firstly reviews the genetic diversity and genealogical origins of domestic and wild chickens. Second, it displays my studies concerning characterization of Egyptian indigenous chickens on different levels: plasma proteins bands polymorphism, RAPD-PCR bands polymorphism, microsatellite loci diversity and partial mitochondrial-DNA sequence variation. In addition, this book presents the work revealing the demographic history, possible matrilineal origin and dispersal routes of Egyptian indigenous chickens. It is worth mentioning, this book sheds the light on my studies inducing and supporting an assumption that urged utilizing consistent founder populations having closely related progenitors for synthetizing a stabilized homogenous crossbreed as a sustainable discipline in breeding program.