Peter Heymann, Matthias Rudolph

A Guide to Noise in Microwave Circuits

Devices, Circuits and Measurement

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

A GUIDE TO NOISE IN MICROWAVE CIRCUITS

A fulsome exploration of critical considerations in microwave circuit noise

In A Guide to Noise in Microwave Circuits: Devices, Circuits, and Measurement, a team of distinguished researchers deliver a comprehensive introduction to noise in microwave circuits, with a strong focus on noise characterization of devices and circuits. The book describes fluctuations beginning with their physical origin and touches on the general description of noise in linear and non-linear circuits.

Several chapters are devoted to the description of noise measurement techniques and the interpretation of measured data. A full chapter is dedicated to noise sources as well, including thermal, shot, plasma, and current.

A Guide to Noise in Microwave Circuits offers examples of measurement problems--like low noise block (LNB) of satellite television - and explores equipment and measurement methods, like the Y, cold source, and 7-state method. This book also includes:
_ A thorough introduction to foundational terms in microwave circuit noise, including average values, amplitude distribution, autocorrelation, cross-correlation, and noise spectra
_ Comprehensive explorations of common noise sources, including thermal noise, the Nyquist formula and thermal radiation, shot noise, plasma noise, and more
_ Practical discussions of noise and linear networks, including narrowband noise
_ In-depth examinations of calculation methods for noise quantities, including noise voltages, currents, and spectra, the noise correlation matrix, and the noise of simple passive networks

Perfect for graduate students specializing in microwave and wireless electronics, A Guide to Noise in Microwave Circuits: Devices, Circuits, and Measurement will also earn a place in the libraries of professional engineers working in microwave or wireless circuits and system design.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons / Wiley-IEEE Press
• Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1W119859360
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 512
• Erscheinungstermin: 29. Dezember 2021
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 235mm x 157mm x 32mm
• Gewicht: 894g
• ISBN-13: 9781119859369
• ISBN-10: 1119859360
• Artikelnr.: 62480806

Autorenporträt

Dr. Peter Heymann, retired, was the Head of the Microwave Measurement Laboratory at the Ferdinand-Braun-Institut (FBH), Leibniz-Institute for High Frequency Technology in Berlin, Germany. Dr. Matthias Rudolph, is Ulrich L. Rohde Professor for RF and Microwave Techniques at Brandenburg University of Technology in Cottbus, Germany. He heads the Low-Noise components laboratory at the FBH.

Inhaltsangabe

Author Biographies xiii

Preface xv

1 Introduction 1

Preliminary Remarks 1

History 6

References 7

2 Basic Terms 9

Average Values 9

Amplitude Distribution 10

Autocorrelation 12

Cross-Correlation 15

Noise Spectra 18

Autocorrelation Function and Spectral Power Density 19

Band-Limited Noise on the Spectrum Analyzer 20

References 22

3 Noise Sources 23

Thermal Noise 23

Nyquist Formula and Thermal Radiation 24

Validity and Experimental Confirmation of the Nyquist Formula 27

Thermal Noise Under Extreme Conditions 28

Shot Noise 29

Plasma Noise 33

Current Noise of Resistors and Contacts 34

Technical Resistors 34

Resistors Consisting of Semiconductor Material 36

Contact Noise 37

Generation-Recombination Noise 38

LF Noise from Transistors 40

References 42

4 Noise and Linear Networks 45

Narrowband Noise 45

Calculating with Phasors 45

Noise Source with Complex Internal Resistance 51

The Equivalent Noise Bandwidth 52

Network Components at Different Temperatures 54

Noise Generator and Attenuator 58

References 58

5 Nonlinear Networks 59

Mixing 59

Band-Limited RF Noise at Input 59

Amplitude Clipping 62

The Detector as a Nonlinear Network 63

The Noise Spectrum Behind a Quadratic Detector 65

The Noise Spectrum Behind a Linear Detector 69

The Sensitivity Limit 70

Noise with Signal 73

The Phase Sensitive Rectifier 74

Trace Averaging 76

References 78

6 The Noise Factor 79

Amplifier and Noise Power 79

The Noise FactorF 80

Cascaded Amplifiers 83

The Noise MeasureM 85

Definitions of Gain 85

Source and Load 89

Broadband and Spot Noise Factor 91

Noise Factor of a Passive Network 92

Antenna Temperature 93

The Reference Temperature T0 = 290 K 98

Noise Factor and Detection Limit 99

References 100

7 Noise of Linear Two-Ports 101

Representation of Two-Ports 101

Noise Modeling Using the Chain Matrix 102

References 108

8 Calculation Methods for Noise Quantities 109

Noise Voltages, Currents, and Spectra 109

Calculating with Current, Voltage, and Noise Waves 112

The Noise Correlation Matrix 115

The Correlation Matrix of Passive Components 117

The Noise of Simple Passive Networks 119

Transformation of Noise Sources in Different Network

Representations 128

Correlation Matrix and IEEE Elements 131

FET-Like Network with the Y-Correlation Matrix 134

Noise Sources at Input with ABCD Correlation Matrix 138

References 142

9 Diodes and Bipolar Transistors 143

Semiconductor Diode 143

Bipolar Transistor 145

Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit 147

Hawkins BJT Noise Model 148

Two Approaches for the Collector Noise Current Source 155

BJT Noise Model with Correlation Matrices 157

The Pi-Model 157

The T-Model with Correlation Matrices 161

Transformation of the Y-Sources to the Input 165

Modeling of a Microwave Transistor with Correlation Matrices 168

Simplest Pi-Model 174

Contour Diagram 177

Transistor in the Circuit 179