Robert D. Tack

Fuel Additives

Chemistry and Technology

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

FUEL ADDITIVES

Explore a complete and insightful review of fuel additives

In Fuel Additives: Chemistry and Technology, petroleum industry chemist R. D. Tack delivers a comprehensive and practical exploration of various types of fuel additives, the problems they're meant to address, what they do, their chemistries and preparations, and a discussion of how they work.

The book introduces and summarizes refinery operations to an extent that discussions of fuels in the following chapters become easier to understand. Then follow detailed descriptions of problems that occur for reasons of the ways in which liquid petroleum fuels are transported, stored, and used. In these discussions, their applications to jet fuel, heating oils, gasoline, diesel fuels, and bunker fuels are covered.

Fuel Additives: Chemistry and Technology also includes:
_ A thorough overview of fuels, including discussions of refinery operations and processes and the application of fuel additives
_ Aids to the transportation and storage of liquid petroleum fuels: practical discussions of stabilizers against oxidative degradation, drag reducers, static dissipators, anti-foamants, demulsifiers, de-icers, and biocides
_ Comprehensive explorations of fuel detergents, including their chemistries and proposals to their mechanisms of action
_ In-depth examinations of cold flow improvers, with detailed descriptions of the waxing problems that they solve
_ Combustion improvers that improve the efficiencies of fuel combustion in engines, burners, and particulate filters--while also reducing emissions
_ Additives that protect metal surfaces against wear, by providing lubricity, and corrosion

Perfect for chemists working in the petroleum industry, Fuel Additives: Chemistry and Technology will also earn a place in the libraries of professionals working in related areas and seeking a quick understanding of topics such as oxidative stability, corrosion, or wax crystallization since 1974.

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Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley / Wiley & Sons
• Artikelnr. des Verlages: 1W119707410
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 368
• Erscheinungstermin: 6. Juli 2022
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 235mm x 157mm x 24mm
• Gewicht: 642g
• ISBN-13: 9781119707417
• ISBN-10: 1119707412
• Artikelnr.: 62162448

Autorenporträt

Robert D. Tack, PhD, currently retired, finished his career at Infineum UK Ltd developing fuel additives. Prior to that Dr. Tack worked at Exxon Chemical in the PARAMINS division developing lube oil and fuel additives.

Inhaltsangabe

Acknowledgements xi

Preface xii

Abbreviations xv

1 Fuels and Fuel Additives - Overview 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Refinery Operations and Processes 2

1.2.1 Distillation 2

1.2.2 Balancing Production to the Demand Barrel 5

1.2.3 Catalytic Conversions 11

1.2.4 Alkylation 11

1.2.5 Coking 12

1.3 Finished Fuels 12

1.3.1 Gasoline 13

1.3.2 Middle Distillates 16

1.3.2.1 Jet Fuel 17

1.3.2.2 Diesel Fuel 18

1.3.2.3 Heating Oils 20

1.3.2.4 Marine Diesel Fuels and Power Generation 20

1.3.4 Coal, Gas or Biomass to Liquids 22

1.3.5 Biofuels 22

1.4 Fuel Additives - Value and Need 23

1.4.1 Value 23

1.4.2 Need 24

1.5 The Application of Fuel Additives 26

1.6 Fuel Quality, Taxation, Dyes and Markers 30

1.6.1 The Need for Quality and Brand Recognition 30

1.6.2 The Introduction and Growth of Fuel Taxation 30

1.6.3 The Use and Chemistries of Fuel Dyes 33

1.6.4 Invisible Fuel Markers 36

1.7 Future Need for Fuel Additives 39

2 Fuel Stabilisers: Antioxidants and Metal Deactivators 51

2.1 Introduction 51

2.2 Detailed Problems 52

2.2.1 Oxidative Stability of Jet Fuels 52

2.2.2 Oxidative Stability of Gasoline 54

2.2.3 Oxidative Stability of Diesel Fuel 54

2.3 Tests of Oxidative Stability 55

2.3.1 Jet Fuel Stability Tests 55

2.3.2 Gasoline Stability Tests 56

2.3.3 Diesel Fuel Stability Tests 57

2.4 Stability Additives: Antioxidants and Metal Deactivators 58

2.4.1 Antioxidants 58

2.4.2 Metal Deactivators (Mdas) 61

2.4.3 Thermal Stability Additives 61

2.5 Mechanisms 62

2.5.1 Hydrogen Atom Abstraction from Hydrocarbon Molecules 62

2.5.2 Initiation 65

2.5.3 Propagation 65

2.5.4 Termination 67

2.5.5 Formation of Difunctional Molecules during Autoxidation 68

2.5.6 Mechanisms of Antioxidant Action 68

3 Fuel Detergents 77

3.1 Introduction 77

3.2 Detailed Problems 78

3.2.1 Gasoline Engines 78

3.2.2 Fuel Injector Deposits in Diesel Engines 80

3.2.3 Heating Oils 82

3.2.4 Jet Engines 82

3.3 What Detergents Do 83

3.4 The Chemistries of Fuel Detergents 86

3.4.1 General Background 86

3.4.2 Detail 90

3.4.2a Poly-IsoButylene, PIB 90

3.4.2b PIBSA 91

3.4.2c PIBSA-PAM 92

3.4.2d PIB-Amine 96

3.4.2e Mannich Detergent 99

3.4.2f Imidazoline 100

3.4.2g PIBSA/Polyols 101

3.4.2h Polyether Amines 101

3.4.2i Quaternised Detergents 102

3.4.2j Carrier Fluid 104

3.4.2k Jet Fuel Detergent 105

3.5 Mechanism of Detergency Action 106

3.5.1 Chemical Identities of Deposits 106

3.5.1a Oxygenated Hydrocarbons 106

3.5.1b Zinc Deposits 110

3.5.2 The Action of Detergents 111

3.5.3 Stabilisation of Dispersed Deposit or Particulate Material by Fuel Detergents in Gasoline and Middle Distillates 114

3.5.4 Chemical Reactions of Dispersants with Deposits 116

4 Cold Flow Improvers 129

4.1 Introduction 129

4.2 Detailed Problems and What Cold Flow Improvers Do 131

4.2.1 Diesel Vehicle Fuel Systems and Operability 132

4.2.2 Cloud Point Limitation 133

4.2.3 Pour Point Limitation 134

4.2.4 Diesel Vehicle Operability