The literary creations of Miguel de Cervantes - especially his late novel ''The Trials of Persiles and Sigismunda''- are full of cartographic allusions and paratextual connections with atlases, navigational charts, and geographic descriptions that were abundant at the time. Ruben Builes explores these elements in this and other works such as ''Don Quixote''. He further suggests that ''Persiles y Sigismunda'' plays a foundational role in the ideological creation of Europe.