Rune Brincker, Carlos Ventura

Introduction to Operational Modal Analysis

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

Comprehensively covers the basic principles and practice of Operational Modal Analysis (OMA).

Covers all important aspects that are needed to understand why OMA is a practical tool for modal testing
Covers advanced topics, including closely spaced modes, mode shape scaling, mode shape expansion and estimation of stress and strain in operational responses
Discusses practical applications of Operational Modal Analysis
Includes examples supported by MATLAB® applications
Accompanied by a website hosting a MATLAB® toolbox for Operational Modal Analysis

Produktdetails

• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 372
• Erscheinungstermin: 15. September 2015
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 250mm x 175mm x 25mm
• Gewicht: 826g
• ISBN-13: 9781119963158
• ISBN-10: 111996315X
• Artikelnr.: 39560910

Autorenporträt

Rune Brincker is a civil engineer and received his M.Sc and Ph.D. from the Technical University of Denmark in 1977 and 1981, respectively. Since then he has been conducting research on various aspects of structural mechanics. Rune has been employed as associate and full professor at several Danish universities. Presently he is a Professor of Structural Dynamics at Aarhus University, Denmark. During the last 30 years his research has been focused on operational modal analysis (OMA), and one of his major contributions to this field has been the development of the frequency domain decomposition (FDD) identification technique, which has been used in many practical applications of OMA. Rune Brincker is a co-founder of Structural Vibration Solutions (SVS) founded in 1999; and he is the founding chair of the International Operational Modal Analysis Conference (IOMAC) which started in 2005. Carlos Ventura is a Civil Engineer with specializations in structural dynamics and earthquake engineering. He has been a faculty member of the Department of Civil Engineering at the University of British Columbia (UBC) in Canada since 1992. He is currently the Director of the Earthquake Engineering Research Facility (EERF) at UBC, and is the author of more than 450 papers and reports on earthquake engineering, structural dynamics and modal testing. He has conducted research about earthquakes and structural dynamics for more than thirty years. In addition to his academic activities, Carlos Ventura is a recognized international consultant on structural vibrations and safety of large Civil Engineering structures. He is a member of the Canadian Academy of Engineering and Fellow of Engineers Canada, also a member of several national and international professional societies, advisory committees and several building and bridge code committees.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface xi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Why Conduct Vibration Test of Structures? 3
1.2 Techniques Available for Vibration Testing of Structures 3 1.3 Forced
Vibration Testing Methods 4 1.4 Vibration Testing of Civil Engineering
Structures 5 1.5 Parameter Estimation Techniques 5 1.6 Brief History of OMA
6 1.7 Modal Parameter Estimation Techniques 6 1.8 Perceived Limitations of
OMA 10 1.9 Operating Deflection Shapes 10 1.10 Practical Considerations of
OMA 11 1.11 About the Book Structure 13 References 15 2 Random Variables
and Signals 17 2.1 Probability 17 2.1.1 Density Function and Expectation 17
2.1.2 Estimation by Time Averaging 19 2.1.3 Joint Distributions 21 2.2
Correlation 23 2.2.1 Concept of Correlation 23 2.2.2 Autocorrelation 24
2.2.3 Cross Correlation 25 2.2.4 Properties of Correlation Functions 27 2.3
The Gaussian Distribution 28 2.3.1 Density Function 28 2.3.2 The Central
Limit Theorem 28 2.3.3 Conditional Mean and Correlation 30 References 31 3
Matrices and Regression 33 3.1 Vector and Matrix Notation 33 3.2 Vector and
Matrix Algebra 35 3.2.1 Vectors and Inner Products 35 3.2.2 Matrices and
Outer Products 36 3.2.3 Eigenvalue Decomposition 38 3.2.4 Singular Value
Decomposition 40 3.2.5 Block Matrices 40 3.2.6 Scalar Matrix Measures 41
3.2.7 Vector and Matrix Calculus 43 3.3 Least Squares Regression 44 3.3.1
Linear Least Squares 44 3.3.2 Bias, Weighting and Covariance 47 References
52 4 Transforms 53 4.1 Continuous Time Fourier Transforms 53 4.1.1 Real
Fourier Series 54 4.1.2 Complex Fourier Series 55 4.1.3 The Fourier
Integral 58 4.2 Discrete Time Fourier Transforms 59 4.2.1 Discrete Time
Representation 59 4.2.2 The Sampling Theorem 62 4.3 The Laplace Transform
66 4.3.1 The Laplace Transform as a generalization of the Fourier Transform
66 4.3.2 Laplace Transform Properties 67 4.3.3 Some Laplace Transforms 68
4.4 The Z-Transform 71 4.4.1 The Z-Transform as a generalization of the
Fourier Series 71 4.4.2 Z-Transform Properties 73 4.4.3 Some Z-Transforms
73 4.4.4 Difference Equations and Transfer Function 75 4.4.5 Poles and
Zeros 76 References 79 5 Classical Dynamics 81 5.1 Single Degree of Freedom
System 82 5.1.1 Basic Equation 82 5.1.2 Free Decays 83 5.1.3 Impulse
Response Function 87 5.1.4 Transfer Function 89 5.1.5 Frequency Response
Function 90 5.2 Multiple Degree of Freedom Systems 92 5.2.1 Free Responses
for Undamped Systems 93 5.2.2 Free Responses for Proportional Damping 95
5.2.3 General Solutions for Proportional Damping 95 5.2.4 Transfer Function
and FRF Matrix for Proportional Damping 96 5.2.5 General Damping 99 5.3
Special Topics 107 5.3.1 Structural Modification Theory 107 5.3.2
Sensitivity Equations 109 5.3.3 Closely Spaced Modes 110 5.3.4 Model
Reduction (SEREP) 114 5.3.5 Discrete Time Representations 116 5.3.6
Simulation of OMA Responses 119 References 121 6 Random Vibrations 123 6.1
General Inputs 123 6.1.1 Linear Systems 123 6.1.2 Spectral Density 125
6.1.3 SISO Fundamental Theorem 128 6.1.4 MIMO Fundamental Theorem 129 6.2
White Noise Inputs 130 6.2.1 Concept of White Noise 130 6.2.2 Decomposition
in Time Domain 131 6.2.3 Decomposition in Frequency Domain 134 6.2.4 Zeroes
of the Spectral Density Matrix 137 6.2.5 Residue Form 139 6.2.6 Approximate
Residue Form 140 6.3 Uncorrelated Modal Coordinates 143 6.3.1 Concept of
Uncorrelated Modal Coordinates 143 6.3.2 Decomposition in Time Domain 144
6.3.3 Decomposition in Frequency Domain 145 References 147 7 Measurement
Technology 149 7.1 Test Planning 149 7.1.1 Test Objectives 149 7.1.2 Field
Visit and Site Inspection 150 7.1.3 Field Work Preparation 150 7.1.4 Field
Work 151 7.2 Specifying Dynamic Measurements 152 7.2.1 General
Considerations 152 7.2.2 Number and Locations of Sensors 154 7.2.3 Sampling
Rate 158 7.2.4 Length of Time Series 159 7.2.5 Data Sets and References 160
7.2.6 Expected Vibration Level 162 7.2.7 Loading Source Correlation and
Artificial Excitation 164 7.3 Sensors and Data Acquisition 168 7.3.1 Sensor
Principles 168 7.3.2 Sensor Characteristics 169 7.3.3 The Piezoelectric
Accelerometer 173 7.3.4 Sensors Used in Civil Engineering Testing 175 7.3.5
Data Acquisition 179 7.3.6 Antialiasing 182 7.3.7 System Measurement Range
182 7.3.8 Noise Sources 183 7.3.9 Cabled or Wireless Sensors? 187 7.3.10
Calibration 188 7.3.11 Noise Floor Estimation 191 7.3.12 Very Low
Frequencies and Influence of Tilt 194 7.4 Data Quality Assessment 196 7.4.1
Data Acquisition Settings 196 7.4.2 Excessive Noise from External Equipment
197 7.4.3 Checking the Signal-to-Noise Ratio 197 7.4.4 Outliers 197 7.5
Chapter Summary - Good Testing Practice 198 References 199 8 Signal
Processing 201 8.1 Basic Preprocessing 201 8.1.1 Data Quality 202 8.1.2
Calibration 202 8.1.3 Detrending and Segmenting 203 8.2 Signal
Classification 204 8.2.1 Operating Condition Sorting 204 8.2.2 Stationarity
205 8.2.3 Harmonics 206 8.3 Filtering 208 8.3.1 Digital Filter Main Types
209 8.3.2 Two Averaging Filter Examples 210 8.3.3 Down-Sampling and
Up-Sampling 212 8.3.4 Filter Banks 213 8.3.5 FFT Filtering 213 8.3.6
Integration and Differentiation 214 8.3.7 The OMA Filtering Principles 216
8.4 Correlation Function Estimation 218 8.4.1 Direct Estimation 219 8.4.2
Biased Welch Estimate 221 8.4.3 Unbiased Welch Estimate (Zero Padding) 222
8.4.4 Random Decrement 224 8.5 Spectral Density Estimation 229 8.5.1 Direct
Estimation 229 8.5.2 Welch Estimation and Leakage 229 8.5.3 Random
Decrement Estimation 232 8.5.4 Half Spectra 233 8.5.5 Correlation Tail and
Tapering 233 References 237 9 Time Domain Identification 239 9.1 Common
Challenges in Time Domain Identification 240 9.1.1 Fitting the Correlation
Functions (Modal Participation) 240 9.1.2 Seeking the Best Conditions
(Stabilization Diagrams) 242 9.2 AR Models and Poly Reference (PR) 242 9.3
ARMA Models 244 9.4 Ibrahim Time Domain (ITD) 248 9.5 The Eigensystem
Realization Algorithm (ERA) 251 9.6 Stochastic Subspace Identification
(SSI) 254 References 258 10 Frequency-Domain Identification 261 10.1 Common
Challenges in Frequency-Domain Identification 262 10.1.1 Fitting the
Spectral Functions (Modal Participation) 262 10.1.2 Seeking the Best
Conditions (Stabilization Diagrams) 263 10.2 Classical Frequency-Domain
Approach (Basic Frequency Domain) 265 10.3 Frequency-Domain Decomposition
(FDD) 266 10.3.1 FDD Main Idea 266 10.3.2 FDD Approximations 267 10.3.3
Mode Shape Estimation 269 10.3.4 Pole Estimation 271 10.4 ARMA Models in
Frequency Domain 275 References 278 11 Applications 281 11.1 Some Practical
Issues 281 11.1.1 Modal Assurance Criterion (MAC) 282 11.1.2 Stabilization
Diagrams 282 11.1.3 Mode Shape Merging 283 11.2 Main Areas of Application
284 11.2.1 OMA Results Validation 284 11.2.2 Model Validation 285 11.2.3
Model Updating 285 11.2.4 Structural Health Monitoring 288 11.3 Case
Studies 291 11.3.1 Tall Building 292 11.3.2 Long Span Bridge 297 11.3.3
Container Ship 301 References 306 12 Advanced Subjects 307 12.1 Closely
Spaced Modes 307 12.1.1 Implications for the Identification 308 12.1.2
Implications for Modal Validation 308 12.2 Uncertainty Estimation 309
12.2.1 Repeated Identification 309 12.2.2 Covariance Matrix Estimation 310
12.3 Mode Shape Expansion 311 12.3.1 FE Mode Shape Subspaces 311 12.3.2 FE
Mode Shape Subspaces Using SEREP 312 12.3.3 Optimizing the Number of FE
Modes (LC Principle) 313 12.4 Modal Indicators and Automated Identification
315 12.4.1 Oversized Models and Noise Modes 315 12.4.2 Generalized
Stabilization and Modal Indicators 315 12.4.3 Automated OMA 318 12.5 Modal
Filtering 319 12.5.1 Modal Filtering in Time Domain 319 12.5.2 Modal
Filtering in Frequency Domain 320 12.5.3 Generalized Operating Deflection
Shapes (ODS) 320 12.6 Mode Shape Scaling 320 12.6.1 Mass Change Method 321
12.6.2 Mass-Stiffness Change Method 322 12.6.3 Using the FEM Mass Matrix
323 12.7 Force Estimation 323 12.7.1 Inverting the FRF Matrix 324 12.7.2
Modal Filtering 324 12.8 Estimation of Stress and Strain 324 12.8.1 Stress
and Strain from Force Estimation 324 12.8.2 Stress and Strain from Mode
Shape Expansion 325 References 325 Appendix A Nomenclature and Key
Equations 327 Appendix B Operational Modal Testing of the Heritage Court
Tower 335 B.1 Introduction 335 B.2 Description of the Building 335 B.3
Operational Modal Testing 336 B.3.1 Vibration Data Acquisition System 338
B.4 Vibration Measurements 338 B.4.1 Test Setups 341 B.4.2 Test Results 341
B.5 Analysis of the HCT Cases 342 B.5.1 FDD Modal Estimation 342 B.5.2 SSI
Modal Estimation 343 B.5.3 Modal Validation 343 References 346 Appendix C
Dynamics in Short 347 C.1 Basic Equations 347 C.2 Basic Form of the
Transfer and Impulse Response Functions 348 C.3 Free Decays 348 C.4
Classical Form of the Transfer and Impulse Response Functions 349 C.5
Complete Analytical Solution 350 C.6 Eigenvector Scaling 351 C.7 Closing
Remarks 351 References 352 Index 353