In the early 1980s, forest decline became a matter of public and scientific concern when forest stands with Norway spruce (Picea abies [L. ] Karst. ) showed evident damage on a large geographical scale throughout Europe. The causes of the observed symptoms could not be elucidated on the basis of the state of knowledge at that time. Therefore, several research projects were launched both in Germany and in some other countries in order to identify the relevant pathogenic factors. In 1985, the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology decided to include the site "Postturm", forest district…mehr
In the early 1980s, forest decline became a matter of public and scientific concern when forest stands with Norway spruce (Picea abies [L. ] Karst. ) showed evident damage on a large geographical scale throughout Europe. The causes of the observed symptoms could not be elucidated on the basis of the state of knowledge at that time. Therefore, several research projects were launched both in Germany and in some other countries in order to identify the relevant pathogenic factors. In 1985, the Federal Ministry for Research and Technology decided to include the site "Postturm", forest district Farchau/Ratzeburg, in the spon sorship of the research on forest decline as a site typical for lowlands and a sphere of anthropogenic urban influence. The investigation area is situated about 40 krn east-northeast of the city of Hamburg. Since spruce trees in particular showed severe decline, emphasis was laid on this species. The programme started in 1986 and extended to 1992, with some activities con tinuing beyond this time. Working groups from 13 institutions took part in the overall project.
1 Introduction.- References.- 2 The Investigation Site.- References.- 3 Research Concept and Coordination.- References.- 4 General Outline of the Measuring Station.- References.- 5 Experimental Procedures.- 5.1. Sampling Techniques.- 5.2 Analytical Techniques.- References.- 6 Methodology for the Determination of Atmospheric Deposition and of Fluxes within the Ecosystem Compartments.- 6.1 Basic Considerations on Dry Deposition.- 6.2 Aerosol Measurements.- 6.3 Turbulent Fluxes in the Boundary Layer.- 6.4 Fluxes in the Stand and the Seepage Water.- References.- 7 Trace Elements in Rainwater: Concentrations and Wet Deposition.- 7.1 Concentrations of Dissolved and Particulate Constituents.- 7.2 Wet Deposition.- References.- 8 Deposition of Anions and Cations Via Precipitation.- 8.1 Meteorology and Source-Receptor Relationship.- 8.2 Deposition of SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, F- and NH4+: Mean Values, Temporal Variations and Long-Term Trends.- 8.3 pH Values and H+-Ion Deposition.- References.- 9 Trace Elements in Size-Fractionated Particulates: Concentrations and Dry Deposition into a Forest Ecosystem.- 9.1 Differential Trace Element Concentrations.- 9.2 Dry Deposition of Trace Elements.- References.- 10 Total Deposition of Trace Elements.- References.- 11 Element Supply and Element Fluxes in the Forest Ecosystem Compartments.- 11.1 Element Supply in the Mineral Soil and the Humus Layer.- 11.2 Biomass and Element Content in the Tree Compartments.- 11.3 Balance of Element Fluxes.- References.- 12 Concentrations and Deposition of Gaseous Pollutants: SO2, NO2, NO, NH3 and O3.- 12.1 Gas Concentrations and Weather Conditions.- 12.2 Mean Values, Temporal Variations and Long-Term Trends of the Gas Concentrations.- 12.3 Nocturnal Ozone Maxima.- 12.4 Dry Deposition: Mean Values, Temporal Variations and Long-Term Trends.- 12.5 Deposition Velocities.- References.- 13 Impact of Gaseous Pollutants on the Forest Ecosystem.- 13.1 Interrelations Between the Concentrations of Pollutants and Carbon Dioxide.- 13.2 Associated Vertical Fluxes.- References.- 14 Summary and Conclusions.- References.
1 Introduction.- References.- 2 The Investigation Site.- References.- 3 Research Concept and Coordination.- References.- 4 General Outline of the Measuring Station.- References.- 5 Experimental Procedures.- 5.1. Sampling Techniques.- 5.2 Analytical Techniques.- References.- 6 Methodology for the Determination of Atmospheric Deposition and of Fluxes within the Ecosystem Compartments.- 6.1 Basic Considerations on Dry Deposition.- 6.2 Aerosol Measurements.- 6.3 Turbulent Fluxes in the Boundary Layer.- 6.4 Fluxes in the Stand and the Seepage Water.- References.- 7 Trace Elements in Rainwater: Concentrations and Wet Deposition.- 7.1 Concentrations of Dissolved and Particulate Constituents.- 7.2 Wet Deposition.- References.- 8 Deposition of Anions and Cations Via Precipitation.- 8.1 Meteorology and Source-Receptor Relationship.- 8.2 Deposition of SO42-, NO3-, Cl-, F- and NH4+: Mean Values, Temporal Variations and Long-Term Trends.- 8.3 pH Values and H+-Ion Deposition.- References.- 9 Trace Elements in Size-Fractionated Particulates: Concentrations and Dry Deposition into a Forest Ecosystem.- 9.1 Differential Trace Element Concentrations.- 9.2 Dry Deposition of Trace Elements.- References.- 10 Total Deposition of Trace Elements.- References.- 11 Element Supply and Element Fluxes in the Forest Ecosystem Compartments.- 11.1 Element Supply in the Mineral Soil and the Humus Layer.- 11.2 Biomass and Element Content in the Tree Compartments.- 11.3 Balance of Element Fluxes.- References.- 12 Concentrations and Deposition of Gaseous Pollutants: SO2, NO2, NO, NH3 and O3.- 12.1 Gas Concentrations and Weather Conditions.- 12.2 Mean Values, Temporal Variations and Long-Term Trends of the Gas Concentrations.- 12.3 Nocturnal Ozone Maxima.- 12.4 Dry Deposition: Mean Values, Temporal Variations and Long-Term Trends.- 12.5 Deposition Velocities.- References.- 13 Impact of Gaseous Pollutants on the Forest Ecosystem.- 13.1 Interrelations Between the Concentrations of Pollutants and Carbon Dioxide.- 13.2 Associated Vertical Fluxes.- References.- 14 Summary and Conclusions.- References.
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