Fool Me Twice: Intelligence Failure and Mass Casualty Terrorism - Copeland, T. E.
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This study evaluates whether surprise and intelligence failure leading to mass casualty terrorism are inevitable. It explores the extent to which four factors - failures of public policy leadership, analytical challenges, organizational obstacles, and the inherent problems of warning information - contribute to intelligence failure. The study applies existing theories of surprise and intelligence failure to case studies of five mass casualty terrorism incidents: World Trade Center 1993; Oklahoma City 1995; Khobar Towers 1996; East African Embassies 1998; and September 11, 2001. A structured,…mehr

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Produktbeschreibung
This study evaluates whether surprise and intelligence failure leading to mass casualty terrorism are inevitable. It explores the extent to which four factors - failures of public policy leadership, analytical challenges, organizational obstacles, and the inherent problems of warning information - contribute to intelligence failure. The study applies existing theories of surprise and intelligence failure to case studies of five mass casualty terrorism incidents: World Trade Center 1993; Oklahoma City 1995; Khobar Towers 1996; East African Embassies 1998; and September 11, 2001. A structured, focused comparison of the cases is made using a set of thirteen probing questions based on the factors above. The study concludes that while all four factors were influential, failures of public policy leadership contributed directly to surprise. Psychological bias and poor threat assessments prohibited policy makers from anticipating or preventing attacks. Policy makers mistakenly continued to use a law enforcement approach to handling terrorism, and failed to provide adequate funding, guidance, and oversight of the intelligence community. The study has implications for intelligence reform, information sharing, congressional oversight, and society's expectations about the degree to which the intelligence community can predict or prevent surprise attacks.
Autorenporträt
Dr. Thomas Copeland is an assistant professor of Political Science at Geneva College. He earned his Master's and Ph.D. in Public and International Affairs from the University of Pittsburgh. Copeland worked previously as Chief of Staff for the Government Services Division of LexisNexis, and as an open source intelligence trainer for LexisNexis, serving U.S. federal and state law enforcement and homeland security agencies, as well as law enforcement in Canada and the United Kingdom. He has also served as Admissions Director at the Institute of World Politics. Copeland has taught classes at the University of Pittsburgh and at Trinity College (Washington, DC), as well as training classes for the International Association of Law Enforcement Intelligence Analysts. He has published several articles in academic journals, and was the editor of a U.S. Army War College book on the information revolution and military strategy.
Rezensionen
"Fool Me Twice is a thought-provoking book for all who are interested in intelligence-gathering and considerations of what went right and what went wrong in specific mass casualty terrorist attacks."
-Karin Johnsrud, Columbia University School of Law