Jin Zhong Zhang, Jinghong Li, Yat Li, Yiping Zhao

Hydrogen Generation, Storage and Utilization

By Zhang Jin Zhong, Li Jinghong, Li Yat et al.

• Gebundenes Buch

Produktbeschreibung

The only book of its kind to cover all three important aspects of hydrogen generation, storage, and utilization, Hydrogen Generation, Storage and Utilization focuses on the most common methods as well as newest approaches. This balanced take on hydrogen generation takes both fundamentals and applications into account to provide a coherent presentation. Suitable for both novices and more experienced practitioners, the text includes basic concepts delineated for students and more intricate applications explained for engineers.

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The potential use of hydrogen as a clean and renewable fuel resource has generated significant attention in recent years, especially given the rapidly increasing demand for energy sources and the dwindling availability of fossil fuels. Hydrogen is an "ideal fuel" in several ways. Its only byproduct of consumption is water; it is the most abundant element in the universe; and it is available at low cost. Hydrogen generation is possible via a number of possible chemical processes, to separate the hydrogen from its bond with atoms such as carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen.

In this book, the authors provide the scientific foundations for established and innovative methods of hydrogen extraction; outline solutions for its storage; and illustrate its applications in the fields of petroleum, chemical, metallurgical, physics, and manufacturing.

Addresses the three fundamental aspects of hydrogen as a fuel resource: generation, storage, and utilization
Provides theoretical basis for the chemical processes required for hydrogen generation, including solar, photoelectrochemical, thermochemical, and fermentation methods
Discusses storage of hydrogen based on metal hydrides, hydrocarbons, high pressure compression, and cryogenics
Examines the applications of hydrogen utilization in the fields of petroleum, chemical, metallurgical, physics, and manufacturing
Contains over 90 figures, including 27 color figures

Produktdetails

• A Wiley-Science Wise Co-Publication Vol.1
• Verlag: Wiley & Sons
• 1. Auflage
• Seitenzahl: 208
• Erscheinungstermin: 28. April 2014
• Englisch
• Abmessung: 236mm x 160mm x 25mm
• Gewicht: 680g
• ISBN-13: 9781118140635
• ISBN-10: 111814063X
• Artikelnr.: 39379908

Autorenporträt

Jin Zhong Zhang is Professor of Chemistry at University of California - Santa Cruz. He is head of the Zhang Research Group that focuses on optical nanomaterials for energy and biomedical applications. Jinghong Li is Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Tsinghua University. His research interests are electrochemistry and electroanalytical chemistry, material electrochemistry, nanoscopic electrochemistry, and energy conversion and storage. Yat Li is Associate Professor of Chemistry at University of California - Santa Cruz. He is head of the Li Research Group that studies nanomaterials for energy conversion and storage. Yiping Zhao is Professor of Physics at the University of Georgia. His research interests are nanostructure and thin film fabrications, hydrogen storage materials, and nanomotors.

Inhaltsangabe

Preface ix Acknowledgments xiii 1 Introduction to Basic Properties of
Hydrogen 1 1.1 Basics about the Hydrogen Element 1 1.2 Basics about the
Hydrogen Molecule 3 1.3 Other Fundamental Aspects of Hydrogen 4 1.4 Safety
and Precautions about Hydrogen 5 References 5 2 Hydrocarbons for Hydrogen
Generation 7 2.1 Basics about Hydrocarbons 7 2.2 Steam Methane Reforming 8
2.3 Partial Oxidation 10 2.4 Methanol and Ethanol Steam Reforming 12 2.5
Glycerol Reforming 15 2.5.1 Glycerol Reforming Processes 15 2.5.2
Mechanistic Aspects of Glycerol Reforming Reactions 17 2.5.3 Catalytic
Reforming of Glycerol 17 2.6 Cracking of Ammonia and Methane 18 2.6.1
Ammonia Cracking 18 2.6.2 Methane Cracking 22 2.6.3 Other Decomposition
Methods 23 2.7 Summary 24 References 25 3 Solar Hydrogen Generation:
Photocatalytic and Photoelectrochemical Methods 27 3.1 Basics about Solar
Water Splitting 27 3.2 Photocatalyic Methods 28 3.2.1 Background 28 3.2.2
Metal Oxides 29 3.2.3 Metal Oxynitrides/Metal Nitrides/Metal Phosphides 31
3.2.4 Metal Chalcogenides 32 3.2.5 Conclusion 35 3.3 Photoelectrochemical
Methods 36 3.3.1 Background 36 3.3.2 Photocathode for Water Reduction 36
3.3.3 Photoanode for Water Oxidation 40 3.3.4 Conclusion 45 3.4 Summary 45
References 46 4 Biohydrogen Generation and Other Methods 51 4.1 Basics
about Biohydrogen 51 4.2 Pathways of Biohydrogen Production from Biomass 52
4.3 Thermochemical Conversion of Biomass to Hydrogen 55 4.3.1 Hydrogen from
Biomass via Pyrolysis 55 4.3.2 Hydrogen from Biomass via Gasifi cation 58
4.3.3 Hydrogen from Biomass via Supercritical Water (Fluid-Gas) Extraction
60 4.3.4 Comparison of Thermochemical Processes 61 4.4 Biological Process
for Hydrogen Production 62 4.4.1 Biophotolysis of Water Using Microalgae 64
4.4.2 Photofermentation 66 4.4.3 Dark Fermentation 66 4.4.4 Two-Stage
Process: Integration of Dark and Photofermentation 67 4.5 Summary 69
References 69 5 Established Methods Based on Compression and Cryogenics 75
5.1 Basic Issues about Hydrogen Storage 75 5.2 High Pressure Compression 78
5.3 Liquid Hydrogen 84 5.4 Summary 89 References 90 6 Chemical Storage
Based on Metal Hydrides and Hydrocarbons 91 6.1 Basics on Hydrogen Storage
of Metal Hydrides 91 6.2 Hydrogen Storage Characteristics of Metal Hydrides
92 6.2.1 Storage Capacities 93 6.2.2 Thermodynamics and Reversible Storage
Capacity 93 6.2.3 Hydrogenation and Dehydrogenation Kinetics 95 6.2.4
Cycling Stability 99 6.2.5 Activation 99 6.3 Different Metal Hydrides 100
6.3.1 Binary Metal Hydrides 100 6.3.2 Metal Alloy Hydrides 100 6.3.3
Complex Metal Hydrides 101 6.3.4 Improving Metal Hydride Performance 102
6.4 Hydrocarbons for Hydrogen Storage 108 6.4.1 Reaction between Carbon
Atom and Hydrogen 109 6.4.2 Reaction between Solid Carbon and Hydrogen 110
6.4.3 Reaction between Carbon Dioxide and Hydrogen 111 6.5 Summary 115
References 116 7 Physical Storage Using Nanostructured and Porous Materials
121 7.1 Physical Storage Using Nanostructures 121 7.1.1 Carbon
Nanostructures 121 7.1.2 Other Nanostructures and Microstructures 129 7.2
Physical Storage Using Metal-Organic Frameworks 130 7.3 Clathrate Hydrates
132 7.4 Summary 135 References 135 8 Hydrogen Utilization: Combustion 139
8.1 Basics about Combustion 139 8.2 Mechanism of Combustion 140 8.3 Major
Factors Affecting Combustion 143 8.4 Catalytic Combustion 146 8.5 Summary
149 References 150 9 Hydrogen Utilization: Fuel Cells 153 9.1 Basics of
Fuel Cells 153 9.1.1 The Rational Development of Fuel Cells 153 9.1.2 Work
Principles of Fuel Cells 154 9.1.3 Operation of Fuel Cells 155 9.2 Types of
Fuel Cells 157 9.2.1 Alkaline Fuel Cell (AFC) 157 9.2.2 Proton Exchange
Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC) 157 9.2.3 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell (PAFC) 160
9.2.4 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell (MCFC) 162 9.2.5 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
(SOFC) 163 9.3 Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction Reaction of Fuel Cells 163
9.3.1 Pt-Based Catalysts 164 9.3.2 Nonnoble Metal Catalysts 164 9.4 Fuel
Processing 168 9.5 Applications of Fuel Cells 169 9.6 Summary 171
References 172 10 Hydrogen Utilization in Chemical Processes 177 10.1
Background 177 10.2 Hydrogen Utilization in Petroleum Industry 177 10.2.1
Hydrocracking 177 10.2.2 Hydroprocessing 180 10.3 Hydrogen Utilization in
Chemical Industry 181 10.3.1 Ammonia Production: The Haber Process 181
10.3.2 Hydrogenation of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons 182 10.4 Hydrogen
Utilization in Metallurgical Industry 182 10.4.1 Ore Reduction 182 10.5
Hydrogen Utilization in Manufacturing Processes 184 10.5.1 Welding Gas:
Oxy-Hydrogen Welding 184 10.5.2 Coolant 185 10.6 Hydrogen Utilization in
Physics 187 10.6.1 Lifting Gas 187 10.6.2 Superconductor Industry 187
10.6.3 Semiconductor Industry 187 10.7 Summary 188 References 188 Index 191