This work details the history of oil and gas related conflict in Nigeria that started since oil was first discovered in Olobiri, in the Niger Delta region in 1956. It discusses how income from oil and gas resources marginalized the productive sector of the Nigerian economy leading to poverty and conflict. Furthermore, it highlights some of the conflict transformation initiatives of the Government of Nigeria and their inability to deliver on their set goals. Finally, this book made some recommendations for reflection that have implication for policy formulation and implementation.