Cry1Ab toxin derived from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) has been used for the control of susceptible lepidopteran species throughout the world. Currently, sprayable Bt formulations and transgenic plants have been used for lepidopteran pest control. As plants and insects are part of a complex multitrophic system, using Bt toxin may also affect non-target organisms and thus pose an environmental risk. This research was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions first tier lab testing on the second (Spodoptera littoralis) and third trophic levels (Cotesia marginiventris).
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