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Surface and Interfacial Aspects of Biomedical Polymers Volume 1 Surface Chemistry and Physics

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Beschreibung

Details

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

26.04.2012

Herausgeber

J.D. Andrade

Verlag

Springer Us

Seitenzahl

486

Maße (L/B/H)

22,9/15,2/2,7 cm

Gewicht

700 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1985

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-4684-8612-4

Beschreibung

Details

Einband

Taschenbuch

Erscheinungsdatum

26.04.2012

Herausgeber

J.D. Andrade

Verlag

Springer Us

Seitenzahl

486

Maße (L/B/H)

22,9/15,2/2,7 cm

Gewicht

700 g

Auflage

Softcover reprint of the original 1st ed. 1985

Sprache

Englisch

ISBN

978-1-4684-8612-4

Herstelleradresse

Springer-Verlag GmbH
Tiergartenstr. 17
69121 Heidelberg
DE

Email: ProductSafety@springernature.com

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  • Produktbild: Surface and Interfacial Aspects of Biomedical Polymers
  • Produktbild: Surface and Interfacial Aspects of Biomedical Polymers
  • 1. Introduction to Surface Chemistry and Physics of Polymers.- 1. Sources.- 2. Objectives.- 3. Overview.- 4. Limitations.- 5. References.- 2. Polymer Surface Dynamics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Polymer Transitions and Relaxations.- 3. Probing Polymer Motions and Transitions.- 3.1. Bulk Methods.- 3.2. Inverse Gas Chromatography (IGC).- 4. Polymer Surface Motions.- 4.1. Inverse GC.- 4.2. Filled Systems.- 4.3. Contact Angle Methods.- 4.4. Other Methods.- 5. Conclusions.- 6. Summary.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 3. Model Polymers for Probing Surface and Interfacial Phenomena.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Stereoregular Polymers.- 2.1. Purpose (Stereochemistry).- 2.2. Chemistry.- 2.3. Bulk Properties.- 2.4. Surface Characterization.- 3. Hydroxyethyl Methacrylate Copolymers.- 3.1. Purpose (Systemic Hydration).- 3.2. Chemistry.- 3.3. Bulk Properties.- 3.4. Surface Characteristics.- 4. Block Copolymers.- 4.1. Purpose (Morphology).- 4.2. Styrene-Hydroxylated Butadiene-Styrene Triblocks.- 4.3. HEMA-Styrene-HEMA Triblocks.- 5. Alkyl Methacrylates.- 5.1. Purpose (Systematic Change in Tg).- 5.2. Chemistry.- 5.3. Bulk Characteristics.- 5.4. Surface Characteristics.- 6. Derivatized Agarose.- 6.1. Purpose (Modification for Systemic Hydrophobicity).- 6.2. Chemistry.- 6.3. Bulk Characteristics.- 6.4. Surface Characteristics.- 7. Polyurethanes.- 7.1. Purpose (Practical Biomedical Elastomers).- 7.2. Chemistry.- 7.3. Bulk Properties.- 7.4. Surface Characteristics.- 8. Poly(?-Amino Acids).- 8.1. Purpose (Naturally Occurring Repeat Units).- 8.2. Chemistry.- 8.3. Surface Analysis.- 9. Summary/Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 4. Polymeric Oriented Monolayers and Multilayers as Model Surfaces.- 1. Introduction.- 1.1. Biological Membranes.- 1.2. Models for Biomembranes.- 1.3. Characterization of Mono- and Multilayers.- 1.4. Stability of Conventional Model Membrane Systems.- 2. Polymerized Model Membranes.- 2.1. Polymerizable Lipids.- 2.2. Polymerized Monolayers.- 2.2.1. Monolayers with One Component.- 2.2.2. Mixed Monolayers.- 2.3. Polymeric Multilayers.- 2.4. Polymeric Black Lipid Membranes.- 2.5. Polymeric Vesicles (Liposomes).- 3. Conclusions.- References.- 5. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Principles of XPS.- 2.1. The Photoelectric Effect.- 2.2. Basic Experiment.- 2.3. Instrument.- 2.3.1. X-ray Source.- 2.3.2. Sample.- 2.3.3. Analyzer/Detector.- 2.3.4. Instrument Sources.- 2.4. Charging and Energy Referencing.- 2.5. Spectra and Spectral Features.- 3. Elemental Analysis.- 3.1. Qualitative and Semiquantitative Analysis.- 3.2. Quantitative Elemental Analyses.- 3.2.1. Basics.- 3.2.2. X-ray Flux, I0.- 3.2.3. Differential Photoionization Cross Section, ?i,k.- 3.2.4. Instrument Transmission or Throughput Function, Ti,k.- 3.2.5. Mean Free Path, ?i,k.- 3.2.6. Measured Intensities, Ni,k.- 3.2.7. Quantitative Analysis Summary.- 4. Chemical Bonding.- 4.1. Chemical Shifts.- 4.2. Energy Referencing.- 4.3. Initial and Final States.- 4.4. Auger Processes.- 4.5. Shake-up Satellites.- 4.6. Multiplet Splitting.- 4.7. Molecular Orbitals.- 4.8. Summary.- 5. Functional Group Labelling.- 6. Data Processing.- 6.1. Curve Resolution.- 6.2. Smoothing.- 6.3. Derivatives.- 6.4. Deconvolution.- 6.5. Summary.- 7. Variable Angle Methods.- 7.1. Introduction.- 7.2. Mean Free Paths.- 7.3. Uniform Overlayers.- 7.4. Patchy Overlayers.- 7.5. Surface Concentration Gradients.- 7.6. Limitations.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 6. Surface Infrared Spectroscopy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Infrared Spectroscopy.- 3. Principles of Internal Reflection.- 3.1. Electromagnetic Radiation Described as Waves.- 3.1.1. Vectorial Properties of Electromagnetic Waves.- 3.1.2. Energy Flux of Electromagnetic Radiation.- 3.2. Reflection and Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves at an Interface.- 3.3. Total Internal Reflection.- 3.3.1. Presence of an Electromagnetic Field in the Second Medium.- 3.3.2. Sampling the Electromagnetic Field in the Second Medium.- 3.3.3. Sampling Depth of Electromagnetic Field in the Second Medium.- 3.3.4. Sampling Depth as a Function of Experimental Variables.- 4. Polymer Applications of Total Internal Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy.- 4.1. Surface Molecular Structure.- 4.2. Surface Orientation.- 4.3. Surface Morphology.- 5. Summary.- Acknowledgment.- References.- 7. The Contact Angle and Interface Energetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Fundamentals.- 2.1. Surface and Interface Conventions, Definitions, and Semantics.- 2.2. Two-Phase Equilibria—The Liquid/Vapor and Liquid/Liquid Interfaces.- 2.3. Three-Phase Equilibria.- 2.3.1. Ideally Deformable Phases: The L/L/V Interface.- 2.3.2. Ideally Nondeformable Phases: The S/L/V Interface.- 2.4. Equilibrium.- 2.5. Surface and Interfacial Tension Measurement.- 3. Contact Angle Measurement.- 3.1. Assumptions.- 3.2. Methods.- 3.3. Critical Surface Tension, ?c.- 3.4. Captive Bubble (Underwater) Method.- 4. Contact Angle Hysteresis.- 4.1. Background.- 4.2. Hysteresis.- 4.3. Roughness.- 4.4. Surface Heterogeneity.- 4.5. Deformation.- 4.6. Swelling and Penetration.- 4.7. Surface Reorientation and Mobility.- 4.8. Surface Entropy.- 5. Interfacial Energetics.- 6. Charge Effects.- 7. Conclusions.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 8. Interfacial Electrochemistry of Surfaces with Biomedical Relevance.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Basic Electrical Parameters.- 2.1. Charge.- 2.2. Potential.- 2.3. Other Important Electrical Characteristics.- 3. Double Layer Models.- 3.1. The Molecular Condenser.- 3.2. The Diffuse Double Layer.- 3.3. The Gouy-Stern Double Layer.- 3.4. Porous Double Layers.- 4. Double Layer Theory.- 4.1. Gouy-Chapman Theory.- 4.2. Inner Layer Theory.- 4.3. Porous Double Layers.- 5. Interpretation of Electrokinetic Potentials.- 6. Experimental.- 6.1. The Surface Charge.- 6.2. The Electrokinetic Charge and Potential.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- 9. Interface Acid-Base/Charge-Transfer Properties.- 1. The Acid-Base Character of “Polar” Interactions.- 2. The Surface Acidity or Basicity of Polymers.- 2.1. Infrared Measurements of Acid-Base Polymer Interactions.- 2.2. Contact Angle Measurements of Surface Acidity or Basicity.- 3. The Surface Acidity or Basicity of Inorganic Surfaces.- 3.1. Adsorption of Polymers on Inorganic Surfaces.- 3.2. Heats of Adsorption of Organic Acids and Bases on Inorganic Powders.- 4. Charge Transfer between Phases.- 4.1. Charge Transfer between Inorganic Solids and Organic Liquids.- 4.2. Charge Injection into Organic Polymers.- 4.3. Semiconductor Devices for Sensing Charge Injection into Polymers.- Acknowledgment.- References.- 10. Graft Copolymer and Block Copolymer Surfaces.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Graft Copolymer Surfaces.- 3. Block Copolymer Surfaces.- 4. Segmented Polyurethanes.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 11. Interfacial Tensions at Amorphous Polymer-Water Interfaces: Theory.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Theory of Surface and Interfacial Tensions of Amorphous High Polymers.- 2.1. Lattice Theories.- 2.2. Significant Structure Theory.- 2.3. Scaled Particle Theories.- 2.4. Self-Consistent Field Theory.- 2.5. Thermodynamic Theory.- 2.6. Geometric Mean and Harmonic Mean Theories.- 2.7. Regular Solution Theory.- 3. The Theory of Interfacial Tension at Polymer-Water Interfaces.- 3.1. Surface Tension of Water.- 3.2. Interfacial Tension at Polymer-Water Interfaces.- References.- 12. Surface Raman Spectroscopy.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Raman Scattering Effect.- 3. Surface and Thin Film Raman Spectroscopy.- 3.1. External Reflection.- 3.2. Total Internal Reflection (TIR).- 3.3. Waveguide Methods.- 3.4. Plasmon Enhancement.- 3.5. Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS).- 4. Instrumental Improvements.- 5. Conclusion.- Acknowledgments.- References.- 13. Polymer Surface Analysis: Conclusions and Expectations.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Microscopy.- 3. Expectations.- 3.1. Ion Beam Methods—SIMS and ISS.- 3.2. Photoelectron Microscopy and Imaging XPS.- 3.3. Surface Fluorescence Spectroscopy.- 3.4. Surface Modification.- 3.5. Reference Surfaces.- 3.6. Scanning Ellipsometry.- 3.7. Other.- 4. Conclusions.- References.